????? ??????????

????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????. ??? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ?????????? 11 ??? ???????????? ??????? 15 ??? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????. ^[1] ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????. ??????? ?? ???? ????? 7.22 ???? ??????????? (1,780 ??????) ?????????? ??????, ???? ??????????, ???? ????? 18,000 ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????. ??? ???????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????????????????????.

?????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ????, ??? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????????????????. ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????, ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? (??????? ???) ???????? ???????????. ?????????, ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? 1531 ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????????. ^[2]

??????????????? ????? ??????????????????? ???????? 19 ??? ???????????? ????????????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????????? 1871 ??? ????????. ???????, ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????, ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????. ^[3] ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ????? ???????????????? ????????????????????, ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ????????????????, ??????? ??? "????????????" ????? ????????????????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????. ^[4] ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? 200 ??????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????; ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????.

?????? ?????????? ????????????? [ ???? ]

21 ??? ???????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????????, ??? ???????????????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? ????????????????. ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????????????????????? ??????? ??????. ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????, ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????. ^[5]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ "Great Zimbabwe (11th?15th century) ? Thematic Essay" . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ????????????? ???? 12 January 2009 .
↑ Fleminger, David (2008). Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape . 30 Degrees South. p. 57. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-9584891-5-7 .
↑ Frederikse, Julie (1990) [1982]. "(1) Before the war". None But Ourselves . Biddy Partridge (photographer). Harare: Oral Traditions Association of Zimbabwe with Anvil Press. pp. 10?11. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7974-0961-0 .
↑ M. Sibanda, H. Moyana et al. 1992. The African Heritage. History for Junior Secondary Schools. Book 1 . Zimbabwe Publishing House. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-908300-00-6
↑ https://allafrica.com/stories/200708030757.html

[MMA-1] "Great Zimbabwe (11th?15th century) ? Thematic Essay" . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ????????????? ???? 12 January 2009 .

[2] Fleminger, David (2008). Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape . 30 Degrees South. p. 57. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-9584891-5-7 .

[Frederikse_1990_10–11-3] Frederikse, Julie (1990) [1982]. "(1) Before the war". None But Ourselves . Biddy Partridge (photographer). Harare: Oral Traditions Association of Zimbabwe with Anvil Press. pp. 10?11. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7974-0961-0 .

[sibanda-4] M. Sibanda, H. Moyana et al. 1992. The African Heritage. History for Junior Secondary Schools. Book 1 . Zimbabwe Publishing House. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-908300-00-6

[5] ttps://allafrica.com/stories/200708030757.html

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