???????? ????????

???????? ????????
Frits Zernike
???????? ???????? ; Frits Zernike
	???????? ???????? (1888?1966)
???????	1888 ???? 16 ; ??????????? , ???????????
??????	10 ???????? 1966 (???? 77) ; ?????????????, ???????????
???????	???????????
????	?????????
???????????	????????? ?????????????
????? ???? ???????	???????????? ?????????????
??????? ???? ; ?????????	??????????? ?????????? ( Christoffel Bouwkamp ) ; ??????? ?? ????? ; ?????????? ?????????
????????????	??????????? ?????????? ????????, ; ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????, ; ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??????.
??????? ; ????????????	?????? ????????
?????????	Rumford Medal (1952) ; ?????????????? ????? ????? (1953) ; Fellow of the Royal Society

???????? ???????????? ( Frits Zernike , ???? 16, 1888 ? ???????? 10, 1966) ???????, ????? ????????????????? , 1953 -??? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????. ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ( Phase-contrast microscopy ) ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????, ??????????????? ?????????????????. ^[2]

??????? [ ???? ]

???????? ??????????, ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????, 1888 -??? ?????, ???? 16-??? ???????, ?????????. ????????? ( ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? "(Carl Frederick August Zernike )", ?????? "( ????? ?????????? (Antje Dieperink )" ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????????. ^[3]

????? [ ???? ]

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???????. ????????? ?????? , ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????????. ??????????? ????????????????? ????????? , ?????? , ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ( Probability ) ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? 1908 -??? ?????? ??????? ????????. ^[4]

???????? ???????? [ ???? ]

1908 -??? ???????, ???????????? (Opalescence) ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ????????? ???????????????? ??????, ????? ??????, ????????? ???? ?????????????????, ??????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????????. ???????, '???????????' ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????, ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ^[5]

???????????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????, ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ??????, ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????????????. ??????? , ??????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????. ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ????????, ????????? ?? ???? ??????????, ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????????????. ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? (?????( Camera ), ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????. ^[6]

??????????? [ ???? ]

1915 -??? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????, ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ??????, ??????? ( Spectrum ) ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????, ???? ???????????? ‘???? ???????????? ????????????’ ( Phase-contrast microscopy ) ??????? ???????????????. 1933 -??? ??????????? ( Wageningen ) ?????? ????? ????????? , ???????? ??????????, ‘???? ???????????? ????????????’ ??????????????? ????????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ( Convex lens ) ????? ??????????? ???????????????. ??????, ??? ???????????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????. ^[7]

????????????? ??????? ????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??? ????????? ( The Royal Society of London ) ??????????? ???????, ??????????? ???, ????????????? ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????, ???? ???????????? ???????????? ( Phase Contrast Microscope ) ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ??? ?????????. ?? ?????????????? ?????, 1941 -??? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? '??? ???????? ??????????' ???????? ????????????, ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? 1953 -??? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????????. ^[8]

?????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ?????????? ????????, ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????, ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ????????????, ????????????, ?????????, "???? ???????????? ????????????" (Phase Contrast Microscope) ????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????, ??????? 1953 -??? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????, ????????????? , ????????????? ???? ????????, 1966 -??? ?????, ???????? 10 -??? ??????, ???? 77-??? ????????, ?????????. ^[9]

?????????????? [ ???? ]

↑ Tolansky, S. (1967). "Frits Zernike 1888-1966". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 13 : 392?402. doi : 10.1098/rsbm.1967.0021 .
↑ "Frits Zernike - Biographical" . www.nobelprize.org (????????). ⓒ The Nobel Foundation 1953 . ????????????? ???? 28 ???? 2016 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help )
↑ "Frits Zernike" . wwww.nndb.com (NNDB) (????????) -2014 . ????????????? ???? 07 ?????? 2016 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )
↑ "Frits Zernike" . www.britannica.com (????????) -2014 . ????????????? ???? 03 ?????????? 2016 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )
↑ "Frits Zernike (1888-1966)" . www.rug.nl (????????). October 02, 2015 22:57 . ????????????? ???? 2016-09-03 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help )
↑ "Frits Zernike - Biographical" . www.nobelprize.org (????????) - 2014 . ????????????? ???? 2016-08-26 .
↑ Zernike, F. (1938). "The concept of degree of coherence and its application to optical problems". Physica 5 (8): 785?795. doi : 10.1016/S0031-8914(38)80203-2 . Bibcode: 1938Phy.....5..785Z .
↑ "Frederik (Frits) Zernike (1888 - 1966)" . Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . ????????????? ???? 17 July 2015 .
↑ "Frits Zernike Biography" . www.thefamouspeople.com. 2016 . ????????????? ???? 06 09 2016 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )

[frs-1] Tolansky, S. (1967). "Frits Zernike 1888-1966". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 13 : 392?402. doi : 10.1098/rsbm.1967.0021 .

[www.nobelprize-2] "Frits Zernike - Biographical" . www.nobelprize.org (????????). ⓒ The Nobel Foundation 1953 . ????????????? ???? 28 ???? 2016 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help )

[www.nndb-3] "Frits Zernike" . wwww.nndb.com (NNDB) (????????) -2014 . ????????????? ???? 07 ?????? 2016 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )

[4] "Frits Zernike" . www.britannica.com (????????) -2014 . ????????????? ???? 03 ?????????? 2016 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )

[5] "Frits Zernike (1888-1966)" . www.rug.nl (????????). October 02, 2015 22:57 . ????????????? ???? 2016-09-03 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |date= ( help )

[6] "Frits Zernike - Biographical" . www.nobelprize.org (????????) - 2014 . ????????????? ???? 2016-08-26 .

[7] Zernike, F. (1938). "The concept of degree of coherence and its application to optical problems". Physica 5 (8): 785?795. doi : 10.1016/S0031-8914(38)80203-2 . Bibcode: 1938Phy.....5..785Z .

[8] "Frederik (Frits) Zernike (1888 - 1966)" . Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . ????????????? ???? 17 July 2015 .

[9] "Frits Zernike Biography" . www.thefamouspeople.com. 2016 . ????????????? ???? 06 09 2016 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )

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