???????? ??. ????????????

???????? ??.????????????
Frank B. McDonald
???????? ??.???????????? ; Frank B. McDonald
???????	?? 28, 1925 ; ????????, ??????????
??????	?????? 31, 2012 ; ??? ?????? , ?????????
??????????	??????????
???????	??????????
????	????????? , ????????????
???????????	????? ????????????? ; ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ; ????????? ??????????????
????? ???? ???????	?????? ????????????? ; ??????????? ?????????????
????? ?????????	????????? ??. ????
??????????????? ?????????	Taeil Bai ; Steven H. Prado ; Guenter Riegler ; Peter Serlemitsos ; Robert F. Silverberg ; Bonnard J. Teegarden

???????? ???????? ???????????? (Frank Bethune McDonald) ( ?? 28, 1925 ? ?????? 31, 2012) ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????. ????????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????. ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????. ^[1]

??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????????, ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????. ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????????. 1986 ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????????.

???????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???????? ????????? [ ???? ]

????????????, ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?????, ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ^[2] 1948 ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? 1951 ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ????????? ??.???? ????????? ?????????????? 1955 ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????????????? ????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???? ????? ????? ????????. ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????????.

????? [ ???? ]

1956 ??? ?????, ????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? 70000 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????. ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? 3,50,000 ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ???????, ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????.. ^[3]

???????? ?????????? ??? ????? [ ???? ]

1959 ??? ???????, ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ^[4] .?????? 11 ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????. ????????????, ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????.

1970 ????? 1982 ??? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????. ????? ????? , ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????????. ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????. ????????? ???????? 10, ???????? 11, ??????? 1 ^[5] ??????? ??????? 2 ^[6] ???????? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ^[7]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ "Voyager Space Science Update Panelists" . Goddard News . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . November 5, 2003 . ????????????? ???? 2012-11-23 .
↑ Bernstein, Adam (September 13, 2012). "Frank McDonald, astrophysicist whose work helped scientists explore space, dies" . The Washington Post . ????????????? ???? 2012-11-19 .
↑ McDonald, Frank B. (March 1956). "Direct Determination Of Primary Cosmic Ray Alpha Particle Energy Spectrum By New Method (See p 44.)" (PDF) . Department of Physics, State University of Iowa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03 . ????????????? ???? 2012-02-16 .
↑ Boldt, Elihu; Dan Pendick. "History of Astrophysics at Goddard Space Flight Center" . Goddard Space Flight Center . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ????????????? ???? 2012-11-24 .
↑ Grayzeck, Ed (May 14, 2012). "Voyager 1; Cosmic Ray System (CRS)" . National Space Science Data Center . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ????????????? ???? 2012-11-23 .
↑ Bell, II, Edwin V. (May 14, 2012). "Voyager 2; Cosmic Ray System (CRS)" . National Space Science Data Center . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ????????????? ???? 2012-11-23 .
↑ Merali, Zeeya (July 22, 2002). "The Little Spacecraft that Could and Did" . Scientific American . https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-little-spacecraft-tha-2002-07-22 . ??????? ????: 2012-11-23 .

[CHIEF-1] "Voyager Space Science Update Panelists" . Goddard News . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . November 5, 2003 . ????????????? ???? 2012-11-23 .

[OBIT-2] Bernstein, Adam (September 13, 2012). "Frank McDonald, astrophysicist whose work helped scientists explore space, dies" . The Washington Post . ????????????? ???? 2012-11-19 .

[ALPHAS-3] McDonald, Frank B. (March 1956). "Direct Determination Of Primary Cosmic Ray Alpha Particle Energy Spectrum By New Method (See p 44.)" (PDF) . Department of Physics, State University of Iowa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03 . ????????????? ???? 2012-02-16 .

[HISTORYBOLDT-4] Boldt, Elihu; Dan Pendick. "History of Astrophysics at Goddard Space Flight Center" . Goddard Space Flight Center . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ????????????? ???? 2012-11-24 .

[VOYAGER1-5] Grayzeck, Ed (May 14, 2012). "Voyager 1; Cosmic Ray System (CRS)" . National Space Science Data Center . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ????????????? ???? 2012-11-23 .

[VOYAGER2-6] Bell, II, Edwin V. (May 14, 2012). "Voyager 2; Cosmic Ray System (CRS)" . National Space Science Data Center . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ????????????? ???? 2012-11-23 .

[SCIAM-7] Merali, Zeeya (July 22, 2002). "The Little Spacecraft that Could and Did" . Scientific American . https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-little-spacecraft-tha-2002-07-22 . ??????? ????: 2012-11-23 .

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