????????? ?????????? ??????????
??????? ???? ???	Partially featural alphabet
???????????	1888-????????? ??????? ???
???????	Used for phonetic and phonemic transcription of any language
?????????? ??????? ???????
??? ???????	Romic alphabet Phonotypic alphabet ????????? ?????????? ??????????
?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? (IPA) ?????????? ??????????????? ????? . IPA ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????, ????:IPA ???????????. [ ] , / / and ⟨   ⟩ ????? ???? ??????????????, ?.?.?.§???????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????.

????????? ?????????? ?????????? ( International Phonetic Alphabet ) ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? (??????????) ??? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ^[1] ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ???????????, ???????????????, ???????? ??????? ????????????, ?????????, ?????????, ???? ???????????????, ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????????????. ^{[2] [3]}

????????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????, ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????????. ^[1] ?????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ????, ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????????????. ^[2]

2007 ?????????? 107 ?????????????? 56 ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} International Phonetic Association (IPA), Handbook .
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1996). "Phonetic Notation". In P. T. Daniels and W. Bright (eds.) (ed.). The World's Writing Systems . New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 821?846. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-19-507993-0 . {{ cite book }} : |editor= has generic name ( help )
3. ↑ Wall, Joan (1989). International Phonetic Alphabet for Singers: A Manual for English and Foreign Language Diction . Pst. ??????????? ?????????? ???   1877761508 .