????????

???????? (????????: Nishapur) ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? , ???? ??? ?????, ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ^[1] ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. 2011 ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? 239,185 ???? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? 433,105 ???? ??????? ????????????????????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????. ‎

???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? 830 ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????????????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? 1037 ??? ????? ?????????????????????. ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? , ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????????? ????????, ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????????. ????????, ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????, ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????, ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????, ???????????????? ??????? ???? , ????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????..

???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????, ????? 1221 ??? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????????.

?????? [ ???? ]

???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? 10 ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. 1037 ???, ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????. 1153 ??? ????? ???????????????? ??????????????, ?? ??????????? ???????? ????????, ???????? 1221 ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????????. ^[2]

???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? [ ???? ]

???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????. ?????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????, ^[3] ??????? ??? ??????????????? 1935 ????? ????????????????? ???????????, ??????????????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????, 1940 ??? ??????????????.

?????????? [ ???? ]

?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ????????, ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????. ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ??????? ???????, ???? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????.

?????????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ????????????? ???????? , ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????, ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????. ^[4] ?????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????. ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ^[5]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ Honigmann, E.; Bosworth, C.E.. " N?s?h??p?r ." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 31 December 2013
↑ Allan, James W. (1982). Nishapur: Metalwork of the Early Islamic Period . The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0870992716 . ????????????? ???? 16 August 2019 .
↑ George N. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question , Vol. I, (Routledge, 2005), 262.
↑ Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period, Wilkinson, Charles K. (1973)
↑ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2013-12-02 . ????????????? ???? 2013-11-20 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )

[1] Honigmann, E.; Bosworth, C.E.. " N?s?h??p?r ." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 31 December 2013

[2] Allan, James W. (1982). Nishapur: Metalwork of the Early Islamic Period . The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0870992716 . ????????????? ???? 16 August 2019 .

[3] George N. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question , Vol. I, (Routledge, 2005), 262.

[4] Nishapur: Pottery of the Early Islamic Period, Wilkinson, Charles K. (1973)

[5] "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2013-12-02 . ????????????? ???? 2013-11-20 . {{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )

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