???????? ??????
(Durrani Empire) (
?????
:
? ???????? ??????
), ????????? ????? ?????? ??????.
[4]
????????? 1747???
???????????
?????????? ??????
???????????????
??????????
????? ?? ??????
?????.
[5]
[6]
???????? ??????, ?????? ?????????????, ????????? ?????, ??????? ????????????????, ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????, ??. ?? 1747 ????? ??. ?? 1826 ????? ????? ???????.
???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? 1 ?? 1746 ??????? 5 ???????? 1762 ????? ?????????????
???????
????????????
??????? ????????.
[7]
[8]
[9]
???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????, ????? ????????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????.
[10]
[11]
????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ????????????.
1749???
????????
?????? ??????????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ????????. ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????.
1757??? ??????? ?????????????,
??????
?????? ??????, ???????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????????.
[12]
1772??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????,
??????????
???? ????????? ???????????? ????????.
???????? ??????, ??????? ???? ????????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????????.
[13]
???? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ????????????????.
????? ?? ??????????? ??????? (1747?1772)
[
????
]
- ????????? ???? (1748)
- ?????? ???? (1752)
- ???????? ???? (1755)
- ???????? ?????????? (1757)
- ????????? ???? (1757)
- ?????? ???? (1759)
- ????? ???? ???? (1760)
- ???????? ????????????? ???? (1760)
- ???????????? ?????????? (1760)
- ???????????? ???? (1761)
- ???????? ??????? ???? 1761
???????? ??????? ????
[
????
]
???????????
????? ????? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????.
??????
?????? ??????????????, ???????? ????????????? ????? 1751-52??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????
????????
????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????
????
?????????? ?????
???????????
????????? ????????.
??????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????.
????????????? ??? ?????, ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??????, ????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????.
[15]
.
???????????
????? ?? ??????
,
?????????? ??????????
??????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????, 14 ????? 1761 ?????,
???????
???? ????????
???????? ??????? ????
?????????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????. ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????? ????????. ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ???????????
????????? ??????
??????? ??????. ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????.
???????? ???????? ????????
[
????
]
1761??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????. ??????? 1762??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????
????????? ??????
?????????. 1762??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????????, ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????.
[16]
???????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????,
?????????? ??????
???? ?????????? ???????, ????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????.
[17]
?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????, ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????, ????
??????? ????
?????????
????????? ??????
?????????.
????????? ????????
?????????????, ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ????????? ???????????,
??????????? ?????????????????
1826??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????.
???????? ??? ????????????? (1772?1826)
[
????
]
- ?????? ?? 1772?1793
- ????? ?? 1793?1801
- ?????? ?? 1801?1803 & 1809?1818
- ???? ?? 1803?1809 & 1839?1842
- ???????? ??? ?? 1818?1819
- ????? ?? 1819?1823
???????? ?????
[
????
]
????????????????
[
????
]
- ↑
Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud.
"Timur Shah transferred the Durrani capital from Qandahar in 1775-76. Kabul and Peshawar then shared time as the dual Durrani capital cities, the former during the summer and the latter during the winter season."
p. 185.
Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier
.
Stanford University Press
, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
- ↑
Singh, Sarina (2008).
"Like the
Kushans
, the Afghan kings favoured Peshawar as a winter residence, and were aggrieved when the upstart Sikh kingdom snatched it in 1818 and levelled its buildings."
p. 191.
Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway
. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
- ↑
L. Lee, Jonathan (1996).
The Ancient Supremacy: Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901
(illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 116.
??????????? ?????????? ???
9004103996
. ????????????? ????
March 8,
2013
.
[The Sadozai kingdom] continued to exist in Herat until the city finally fell to Dost Muhammad Khan in 1862.
- ↑
"Last Afghan empire"
.
Louis Dupree
,
Nancy Hatch Dupree
and others
.
?????????????? ??????????????
. 2010
. ????????????? ????
2010-08-25
.
- ↑
"A?mad Shah Durr?n?"
. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010
. ????????????? ????
2010-08-25
.
- ↑
"Afghanistan (Archived)"
.
John Ford Shroder
.
University of Nebraska
. 2010. Archived from
the original
on 2009-10-31
. ????????????? ????
2010-03-21
.
- ↑
^ Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469-1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, pp. 144-45.
- ↑
^ According to the Punjabi-English Dictionary, eds. S.S. Joshi, Mukhtiar Singh Gill, (Patiala, India: Punjabi University Publication Bureau, 1994) the definitions of "Ghalughara" are as follows: "holcaust, massacre, great destruction, deluge, genocide, slaughter, (historically) the great loss of life suffered by Sikhs at the hands of their rulers, particularly on 1 May 1746 and 5 February 1762" (p. 293).
- ↑
Syad Muhammad Latif, The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time, New Delhi, Eurasia Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd., 1964, p. 283; Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume I: 1469-1839, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 154.
- ↑
http://www.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf
- ↑
"The Durrani dynasty"
.
Louis Dupree, Nancy Hatch Dupree and others
. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010
. ????????????? ????
2012-10-01
.
- ↑
"Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire"
.
Library of Congress Country Studies
on Afghanistan. 1997
. ????????????? ????
2010-08-25
.
- ↑
"Afghanistan"
.
CIA
. The World Factbook. Archived from
the original
on 2016-07-09
. ????????????? ????
2010-08-25
.
- ↑
S. M. Ikram (1964). "XIX. A Century of Political Decline: 1707?1803". In Ainslie T. Embree. Muslim Civilization in India. New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ↑
Roy, Kaushik.
India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil
. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80?1.
??????????? ?????????? ???
978-81-7824-109-8
.
- ↑
Meredith L. Runion
The History of Afghanistan
pp 71 Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007
??????????? ?????????? ???
0313337985
- ↑
Purnima Dhavan,
When Sparrows Became Hawks:The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699
, (Oxford University Press, 2011), 112.
???????????
[
????
]
- Malleson, George Bruce (1879)
History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878
W.H. Allen & Co., London,
OCLC 4219393
, limited view at
Google Books
- Singh, Ganda (1959)
Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan
Asia Publishing House, London,
OCLC 4341271
- Fraser-Tytler, William Kerr (1953)
Afghanistan: A Study of Political Developments in Central and Southern Asia
Oxford University Press, London,
OCLC 409453
- Tanner, Stephen (2002)
Afghanistan : a military history from Alexander the Great to the fall of the Taliban
Da Capo Press, New York,
??????????? ?????????? ???
0-306-81164-2
, also available from
NetLibrary
- Elphinstone, Mountstuart 1779-1859
An account of the kingdom of Caubul, and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary and India : comprising a view of the Afghaun nation and a history of the Dooraunee monarchy.
London : Printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1815. Available in digital formats from the Internet Archive Digital Library
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