???? ????????? ????

??????????????, C ₃?C ₄
?????????????
?????? ???	68606-25-7
EC number	271-734-9
	???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ; ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? (25°C, 100kPa) ?????????. ?????????? ???????????

??????????????? ????????? ???? ( Liquified Petroleum Gas ), ???? ????????? ???? ( Liquid Petroleum Gas ) ( ??????? ????? ???? ), ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????, ????????? ?????????? , ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????. ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? , ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????. ^[1]^[2]^[3]

???? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????. ??? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ????????. ^[4] and a , ^[5] ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????. ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? (autogas) ?? ???????????????????.

??????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ( C
₃H
₈), ???? ?????? ???????????? ( C
₄H
₁₀), ??????, ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????????????. ????????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????. ^[6]^[7] ???????? ?????? ????????? , ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????: ???, ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????-5. ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????. ^[8] and the American Society of Testing and Materials. ^[9] ???? ???????????? ??????????/?????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????????.

???????????? , ???????????? ??????? C ₂H ₆, CH ₄, C ₃H ₈ ????? ?? ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????????. ?????-5 (HD-5) ???? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? 5% ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ????????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????? EN 589 ?????. ?????????????, ????????????????? (???????) ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????. ^[10] ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????????.

???????????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????????????. 1910 ??? ??????? ??????? ?. ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????????????. ????? ??????????? ?????????? 1912 ??? ??????? ???????????????. ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? 3% ???????? ?????????????. ??? ????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ?????, ??? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? 46.1 ????????/???? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????? 43.5 ????????/???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????. ^[11] ???????????, ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????????? 26 ???? ????/?? ?????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????. ???? ????????? ???????? (?????? ???? ??????????????????) ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????. ^[12] ?????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ????, ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ???????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????????? ???????????????? ??????. ^[13]^[14]

?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????, ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????????. ??????, ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????????????. ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????????????, ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????????; ????????, ???????? ?????????? 80% ????? 85% ??? ??? ?????????????????. ?????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????; ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ????????????????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????.

???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????????????????, ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????, ???? ???????? ??????????????????.

?????? [ ???? ]

??????????? 2001??? ????? ???????????? ?????????????????, ???????? ?????????????? 17.5% ?????? 33.6 ????????? ??????????????? 2001??? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????. ????? ???????????????? 5.7% ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????????? 48% ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????? 76.64% ??????????? ??????????????? ?????. ???? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????????. ??????????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????, ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????.

??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????; ???????????, ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????? 24%?????? ????????? ?????????????.

???????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ????? ??????????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????. ????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????.

????? ??????? ??????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ???????????
?????
???????(indane)
???????
???????,???????.
????????? ???????

????? ????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

?????????
?????????
?????????
??????? ???????
????? ?????? ???????
???????

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ World Energy Prices: Database Documentation (PDF) (Report) (2020 ed.). ????????? ?????? ????? . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 8, 2024 . ????????????? ???? February 8, 2024 .
↑ NFPA (2017). Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code . NFPA 58 (2017 ed.). Quincy, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association . pp. 11 , 132. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1455913879 .
↑ Enciclopedia degli idrocarburi [ Encyclopaedia of Hydrocarbons ] (in Italian). Vol. II. Roma, Italy: Eni and Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana . 2005. p. 26. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? 955421604 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )
↑ Alvi, Moin ud-Din. "Aerosol Propellant | Aerosol Propellant Gas | Aerosol Supplies Dubai ? Brothers Gas" . www.brothersgas.com . Archived from the original on 30 December 2016 . ????????????? ???? 2016-06-14 .
↑ "Performance and Safety of LPG Refrigerants" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-10.
↑ ed, George E. Totten, ed. (2003). Fuels and lubricants handbook : technology, properties, performance, and testing (2nd printing. ed.). West Conshohocken, Pa.: ASTM International. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9780803120969 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016.
↑ Unipetrol. "Analysis of seasonal mixtures ? Propane-butane Fuel Mixture (Summer, Winter)" . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . ????????????? ???? 29 April 2013 .
↑ "Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications and Test Methods" . Gas Processors Association. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013 . ????????????? ???? 2012-05-18 .
↑ "ASTM D1835 ? 11 Standard Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases" . American Society for Testing & Materials. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012.
↑ ??????????:CodeFedReg
↑ Horst Bauer, ed. (1996). Automotive Handbook (4th ed.). Stuttgart: Robert Bosch GmbH . pp. 238?239. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-8376-0333-1 .
↑ Zivenko, Oleksiy (2019). "LPG Accounting Specificity During ITS Storage and Transportation" (in en). Measuring Equipment and Metrology 80 (3): 21?27. doi : 10.23939/istcmtm2019.03.021 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 0368-6418 .
↑ "High-purity propylene from refinery LPG" .
↑ Kinetic studies of propane oxidation on Mo and V based mixed oxide catalysts . 2011.

??????????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ????????? ??.??. ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????
AEGPL ???????? ??????? ??????
WLPGA ??? ????? ??????
PERC ???????? ????? & ????????? ?????????
NPGA ????????????? 2016-09-01 at the ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????, ??????
?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????????? 2014-10-08 at the ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? (????????? ????????)
PGAC ????????????? 2009-08-31 at the ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????
LPGSASA ????? ???? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ?????????
???????? 101 ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????
UKLPG ???????? ???????
??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? (??????)| ???? | ????????????? | ???????| ?????? ??????
???? ????????????? 2010-02-19 at the ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????/??????? ????? ???????
????? ????????????? 2010-03-08 at the ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????
?????????? ????????? ????????????? 2010-05-01 at the ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????
????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????
BP ???? ????????????? 2014-12-23 at the ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? BP ???? ???????? ?????

[1] World Energy Prices: Database Documentation (PDF) (Report) (2020 ed.). ????????? ?????? ????? . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 8, 2024 . ????????????? ???? February 8, 2024 .

[2] NFPA (2017). Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code . NFPA 58 (2017 ed.). Quincy, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association . pp. 11 , 132. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1455913879 .

[3] Enciclopedia degli idrocarburi [ Encyclopaedia of Hydrocarbons ] (in Italian). Vol. II. Roma, Italy: Eni and Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana . 2005. p. 26. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? 955421604 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( link )

[4] Alvi, Moin ud-Din. "Aerosol Propellant | Aerosol Propellant Gas | Aerosol Supplies Dubai ? Brothers Gas" . www.brothersgas.com . Archived from the original on 30 December 2016 . ????????????? ???? 2016-06-14 .

[5] "Performance and Safety of LPG Refrigerants" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-10.

[Totten-6] , George E. Totten, ed. (2003). Fuels and lubricants handbook : technology, properties, performance, and testing (2nd printing. ed.). West Conshohocken, Pa.: ASTM International. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9780803120969 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016.

[SeasonalMix-7] Unipetrol. "Analysis of seasonal mixtures ? Propane-butane Fuel Mixture (Summer, Winter)" . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . ????????????? ???? 29 April 2013 .

[GPA_Standard_2140-97-8] "Liquefied Petroleum Gas Specifications and Test Methods" . Gas Processors Association. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013 . ????????????? ???? 2012-05-18 .

[9] "ASTM D1835 ? 11 Standard Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases" . American Society for Testing & Materials. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012.

[10] ??????????:CodeFedReg

[11] Horst Bauer, ed. (1996). Automotive Handbook (4th ed.). Stuttgart: Robert Bosch GmbH . pp. 238?239. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-8376-0333-1 .

[12] Zivenko, Oleksiy (2019). "LPG Accounting Specificity During ITS Storage and Transportation" (in en). Measuring Equipment and Metrology 80 (3): 21?27. doi : 10.23939/istcmtm2019.03.021 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 0368-6418 .

[13] "High-purity propylene from refinery LPG" .

[14] Kinetic studies of propane oxidation on Mo and V based mixed oxide catalysts . 2011.

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