?????? ?????????? ?????: 520  Ma Pre? ? O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ ??????????? ????? ?????, but #Fossils
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????:	?????? ??????? , 1866 [1]
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????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????????? (embryophytes) Non-vascular land plants (bryophytes) ????????????????? ?liverworts ??????????????????? ??????????? - ???? † Horneophytopsida ?????????? s (???????????????) † ???????????? ?rhyniophytes † ????????????????? ?zosterophylls Lycopodiophyta?clubmosses † ???????????????????? ?trimerophytes ???????????? ?ferns and horsetails † ???????????????????????? ???????? ????????? (spermatophytes) † ????????????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????? ?cycads Ginkgophyta?ginkgo Gnetophyta ?gnetae Magnoliophyta ?flowering plants † Nematophytes

?????? (Plant) ( ????????? ????? : Plantae) ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????, ????, ????, ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? 350,000 ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????????????. ???????? 287,655 ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? , ??????? , ??????? , ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ( ferns ), ??????? (???????????? ????? ??????), ??????????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? 258,650 ???????? ???? ??????. 18,000 ??????????????.

??????? [ ???? ]

???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? 100 ??????? (330 ??? ) ??????????? ???? ???????? '??????' ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? , ??? , ??????? , ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ???????? ???????????? ????? , ?????? , ??????? , ????? , ???????? ???????. ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????? , ??????????? , ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????.

?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ??????????? ???????? , ??? ??????????????? ?????????????, ??? ????, ??? ????, ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????.

?????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????.

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• ??????? ?????? ????????????? (384 ??.??. ? 322 ??.??.) ????? ???????????????, ????????? (??????????), ?????????? (????????) ?? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????????.
• 18 ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????( Linnaeus' system ), ??? ????????????? ( Vegetabilia ), ???????? ( Animalia ) ??????? ?????? ????????????? ( Kingdoms ) ????. ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? (Plantae) ?? ??????????????.
• ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????. ????????????? , ?? ??? ????????? ( ?????????? ) ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????????, ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????.

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????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????????????. ???????:

• ????? ????????? : ??? ??????????????? , ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????????.
• ??????? ?????????: ?????? ???????????? , ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????. ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????????. ?????????, ????????? , ???????????? ????????? ????????.
• ????????????????? : ??????????, ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? , ?????????????? ????????? ????????????.

???? ????????? [ ???? ]

• ???????? ???????????????? , ????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????????(????????? ????????? ) ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ???????, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ???????????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? , ????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????????????.
• ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ????????? ??????????????.

1. ??????? ???? - (?.??) ????????? ????-7300 ??????????????? ???????????.
2. ?????? ???? - (?.??) ???????-??????? ?????????
3. ??????? ???? - (?.??) ???????? ??????(1844-1930), ?????? ?????????(1849-1893) ???????? ???????.

• ???????? ?????????????? - ?????? ?????????, ???? ????????? 1943 ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???????

???????? [ ???? ]

?????????????? ????????, ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????.

• ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature),
• ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? (International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants)
• ???????????? 2009 ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ???? III ???? (APG III system - Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III system) ??????? ???, ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????????????????. ??????????????;-

1. ??????????? (Amborella)
2. ???????? (Nymphaeales)
3. ?????????????? (Austrobaileyales)
4. ??????? (Chloranthales)
5. ??????????????? (Magnoliidae)
6. ???????????????? (Monocotyledonae)
7. ????????????????? (Ceratophyllum)
8. ????????????????????? (Eudicotyledonae)

???????? [ ???? ]

?????? ???? [ ???? ]

?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????. ???????? ??????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????. ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????. ????????? , ????????????? , ????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????????????.

?????? ??????? [ ???? ]

• ??????????
• ????????? ??????
• ?????????

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??????????? [ ???? ]

1. ↑ Haeckel G (1866). Generale Morphologie der Organismen . Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer. pp. vol.1: i?xxxii, 1?574, pls I?II, vol. 2: i?clx, 1?462, pls I?VIII.
2. ↑ Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology . pages 343, 350, 392, 413, 425, 439, & 448 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-30419-9
3. ↑ Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology . pages 457, 463, & 476. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-30419-9
4. ↑ Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E., 2000. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". page 21 in A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), Bryophyte Biology . (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-66097-1
5. ↑ Schuster, Rudolf M., The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America , volume VI, pages 712-713. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-914868-21-7 .
6. ↑ Goffinet, Bernard; William R. Buck (2004). "Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification". Monographs in Systematic Botany (Missouri Botanical Garden Press) 98 : 205?239.  
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3} Raven, Peter H., Ray F. Evert, & Susan E. Eichhorn, 2005. Biology of Plants , 7th edition. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7167-1007-2 .
8. ↑ Gifford, Ernest M. & Adriance S. Foster, 1988. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants , 3rd edition, page 358. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7167-1946-0 .
9. ↑ Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor, 1993. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants , page 636. (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall). ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-13-651589-4 .
10. ↑ International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Summary Statistics

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

• ????????? 4 ?????? ???? ????????? 10% ??????? ??????????