?????????????

????????????? ????
??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????.
?????? ???? ????????? ?????????????.

??????? (Climate) ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????. [1] [2] ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? , ???????? , ??????????? , ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????. ??? ?????? (weather) ?????????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????.

??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????, ???????????, ???????????, ????????????, ?????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????. [3]

??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???????????? , ?????????? , ??? ?????, ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????, ????????? ?????????, ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????, ??????????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????. 1948 ??? ????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ????, , [4] ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????.

???????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????. 19 ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????, ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????????, ????? ?????, ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????, ????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ????????? ????????? ??????????, ??????????, ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????; ?????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ????????????????, ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? 0?400 ???? ?????????? (??? ????? ???????????) ?????????????? 500 ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????????. ????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????". [5] [6]

?????? [ ???? ]

?????? ????????????? ???????, ?????? ??????????????? ?????? (klima) ????? ???????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????, ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????. [7] ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? 30 ????????? ????????. [8] ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????????. ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????.??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? (IPCC) ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? (2001) ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????:

??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? "?????? (??????) ??????," ?? ??????????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? . ????????? ??? ???????? 30 ???????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????. [9]

"??????? ?????? ???? ??????????????; ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????????." ????? ?????? ??????, ???????, ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????. [10] ?????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????, ????????, ??????????, ???,???? ???????, ????, ??? ????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???????, ?? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????: ??????????????? ????????? ????????? 5 °C (9 °F) ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????. [11] ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ????, ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????, [12] ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????. ?????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????, ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????. ??? ?????? ????????????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????; ???????? ???????? ??????????; ?????, ????? ????????? ??????????????????? ???? ????? ?????????????. ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????. [13]

??????? ??????? [ ???? ]

பெரிதும் அகலாங்கைச் சார்ந்து வேறுபடும் காலநிலை வட்டாரங்களின் உலகப்படம். நிலநடுவரையில் இருந்து மேலும் கீழும் அமையும் இவை வெப்ப மண்டலம், உலய்மண்டலம், மித வெப்ப மண்டலம், கண்டவகை, பனிவெளி மண்டலம் என்பன ஆகும். இந்த வட்டாரங்களுக்குள் உள்வட்டாரங்களும் அமைகின்றன.
???????? ??????? ??????????

???? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????. ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????????. ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????. ??? ???? ???????, ????????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????.???????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ???????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????, [14] evapotranspiration, [15] ??? ???????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????????. ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????, ??? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ?????, ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????????.

?????????, ??????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

???????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???. ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. [16] ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????. ????????, ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????; ???? ???? ???????? ??????????????? c ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? m ????????? ?????????????. ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????: T ?????????????????? P ????????????? A ????????? ?????? ??????????????????? M ????????????? ??????????? E ??????????? ????????????? S ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. ??????, ????? ??? ????????? ????????? k ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? w ?????? ??????????????. [17] ???????? ??????????? ???? 1950 ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????; ??????? ????????? 1973 ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????. [18]

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ Planton, Serge (France; editor) (2013). "Annex III. Glossary: IPCC ? Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" (PDF) . IPCC Fifth Assessment Report . p. 1450. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 ?? 2016 . ????????????? ???? 25 July 2016 . {{ cite web }} : |first= has generic name ( help ) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
  2. ↑ Shepherd, Dr. J. Marshall; Shindell, Drew; O'Carroll, Cynthia M. (1 February 2005). "What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?" . ???? . ????????????? ???? 13 November 2015 .
  3. ↑ AR4 SYR Synthesis Report Annexes . Ipcc.ch. Retrieved on 2011-06-28.
  4. ↑ C. W. Thornthwaite (1948). "An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate" . Geographical Review 38 (1): 55?94. doi : 10.2307/210739 . http://www.unc.edu/courses/2007fall/geog/801/001/www/ET/Thornthwaite48-GeogrRev.pdf .  
  5. ↑ Hughes, Lesley (2000). Biological consequences of globalwarming: is the signal already . p. 56.
  6. ↑ Hughes, Leslie (1 February 2000). "Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?" . Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15 (2): 56?61. doi : 10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4 . http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(99)01764-4 . ??????? ????: November 17, 2016 .  
  7. ↑ " Climate ". Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . ???????????? 2008-05-14.  
  8. ↑ "Climate averages" . Met Office. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06 . ????????????? ???? 2008-05-17 .
  9. ↑ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Appendix I: Glossary. ????????????? 2017-01-26 at the ??????? ????????? Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
  10. ↑ National Weather Service Office Tucson, Arizona. Main page. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
  11. ↑ Stefan Rahmstorf The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation: A Brief Fact Sheet. Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
  12. ↑ Gertjan de Werk and Karel Mulder. Heat Absorption Cooling For Sustainable Air Conditioning of Households. ????????????? 2008-05-27 at the ??????? ????????? Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
  13. ↑ Ledley, T.S.; Sundquist, E. T.; Schwartz, S. E.; Hall, D. K.; Fellows, J. D.; Killeen, T. L. (1999). "Climate change and greenhouse gases" . EOS 80 (39): 453. doi : 10.1029/99EO00325 . Bibcode:  1999EOSTr..80Q.453L . http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/99148e.html . ??????? ????: 2008-05-17 .  
  14. ↑ United States National Arboretum . USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. ????????????? 2012-07-04 at the ??????? ????????? Retrieved on 2008-03-09
  15. ↑ " Thornthwaite Moisture Index ". Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . ???????????? 2008-05-21.  
  16. ↑ Army, United States Dept of the (1969). Field behavior of chemical, biological, and radiological agents (in ????????). Dept. of Defense] Depts. of the Army and the Air Force.
  17. ↑ " Airmass Classification ". Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . ???????????? 2008-05-22.  
  18. ↑ Schwartz, M.D. (1995). "Detecting Structural Climate Change: An Air Mass-Based Approach in the North Central United States, 1958?1992". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85 (3): 553?568. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01812.x .  

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Climate
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??????????:NIE Poster

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