??? ?????? ??????
??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???
???????	( 1842-09-20 ) 20 ?????????? 1842 ????????????, ???????????????
??????	27 ???????? 1923 ( 1923-03-27 ) (???? 80) ??????? , ???????????
???????	?????? ??????????
????	????????? ?????????
???????????	?????? ???????? ????????????, ????????????
????? ???? ???????	???????? ?????????????
????? ?????????	?????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ????????
????????????	???? ???????? ???? ??????
?????????	????????? ?????????????, (??????????? ????????) ??????????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ?????) ???????? ???????,(???????? ?????? ??????) ????????? ??????? (1894) ???????????? ??????? (1919)

??? ?????? ?????? {Sir James Dewar) (20 ?????????? 1842 ? 27 ?????? 1923) ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????. ???? ????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????. ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????. ?????? ????????? 25 ?????????????? ????? ???? ?????????????????????.

?????? ??? ???????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????? 1842 ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ^[1] ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????????. ???? 15 ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????.

?????? ???????? [ ???? ]

1875 ??? ?????, ?????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????????. ^[2] ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????. 1877 ??? ???????, ??????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????. 1897 ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????, 1902 ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????. ??????? ?????, ???? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????????, 1893 ????? 1894 ??? ?????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????.?????????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????????.

1867 ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????. ^[3] ??????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????????. ^[4] 1869 ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????. ???? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ^[1]

????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????. ? ????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ????????? , ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????, ????-????????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????.

?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????. ^[5] ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? 1874 ??? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????. ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????????? ??? ??????????. 1878 ???, ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ?????????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} "???????????????????? ????" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24 . ????????????? ???? 2019-10-24 .
2. ↑ " Dewar, James (DWR875J) ". A Cambridge Alumni Database . University of Cambridge.  
3. ↑ Dewar, James (1867) "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons," Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 6 : 82?86.
4. ↑ Baker and Rouvray, Journal of Chemical Education , 1978, vol. 55, p. 645.
5. ↑ "ABSOLUTE ZERO - PBS NOVA DOCUMENTARY (full length)" . YouTube . ????????????? ???? November 23, 2016 .