?????? ?????? ???

?????? ?????? ???
George Biddell Airy
?????? ?????? ??? ; George Biddell Airy
	1891 ??? ???
???????	27 ???? 1801 ; ???????, ????????????????, ???????????
??????	2 ????? 1892 (???? 90) ; ?????????? , ???????
???????	?????????????
????	??????? , ??????
???????????	?????????????? ????????????? ; ???? ?????
????? ???? ???????	??????????? ???????, ??????????
Academic advisors	?????? ????????
??????????????? ?????????	??????? ?????????
????????????	??? ??????????
?????????	?????? ????? (1823) ; ???????? ??????? (1876) ; ???? ??????? (1845) ; ???????? ????? (1834) ; ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ; ?????? ??????? (1831)

??? ?????? ?????? ??? ( Sir George Biddell Airy , 27 ???? 1801 ? 2 ????? 1892) ??? ???????? ???????????? , ???????????? ?????.

?????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????????. ^[1] ????? 1819??? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????. 1826??? ???????????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????????. 1835 ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? 46 ???????? ?????????????. ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? (???) ?????????. 1827????? 1883 ??? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????.

??? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????????. ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????.

1847??? ???? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? (altazymuth) ??????? ??????????. 1859??? 33??.??. ???? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? (new transit circle) ?????????. ?????? 1838??? ?????, ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????????. ^[2]^[3] ??????? ??????????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????????????.

???? ?????????, ???? ??????????? ?????????. ???????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????.

????? ???????? [ ???? ]

??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????(1804?1875), ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????, "??????? ??? ??????? ... ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ... ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????????," . ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????????????????. ?????????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????????. ??? 1830 ??? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ^[4]^[5]^[6]

??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????. ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????. ???????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????????????; ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????]]. ^[7]^[8] Wilfrid's daughter was the artist Anna Airy . ^[8]

????????? ???? ??????? ??? (1838-1903) ??? ??????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ^[9]

????????? ????? ???? ?????? (1840?1916), 1864 ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ^[10] Airy was knighted on 17 June 1872. ^[11]

????1881 ??? ????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????. ???? 1891 ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????????????. ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ￡27,713. ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????????. ^[4] A cottage owned by Airy still stands, adjacent to the church and now in private hands. ^[12]

?????????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

?????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? (1835?37, 1849?51, 1853?55, 1863-64). (?????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????????). ^[13]
???????? ???, ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????(1832). ^[14]
?????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???????????. ^[15] Within that crater lies another smaller crater called Airy-0 whose location defines the prime meridian of that planet, as does the location of Airy's 1850 telescope for Earth. ^[16]
???? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????????, 1834
?????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???????????. ^[17]
??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????????????? ??????????. ^[18]

??? ????????? Ai(x), Bi(x) ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????????.

???????? [ ???? ]

??? ???????

Popular Astronomy: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Ipswich (Full text at Popular Astronomy .)

A complete list of Airy's 518 printed papers is in Airy (1896). Among the most important are:

Airy, G. B. (1826) Mathematical Tracts on Physical Astronomy ;
(1828) On the Lunar Theory, The Figure of the Earth, Precession and Nutation, and Calculus of Variations , to which, in the second edition of 1828, were added tracts on the Planetary Theory and the Undulatory Theory of Light ;
(1839) Experiments on Iron-built Ships, instituted for the purpose of discovering a correction for the deviation of the Compass produced-by the Iron of the Ships ; and
(1861) On the Algebraic and Numerical Theory of Errors of Observations and the Combination of Observations .

??? ????????

Airy, George Biddell; Airy, Wilfrid (1896). The Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy . Cambridge University Press. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? 13130558 . ????????????? ???? 24 February 2008 .
"Sir George Biddell Airy" . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1911. ?????? ????? ???? ????? : 70608430 . https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Airy,_Sir_George_Biddell . ??????? ????: 29 June 2014 .
Cannon, W.F. (November 1964). "Scientists and broad churchmen: an early Victorian intellectual network" . The Journal of British Studies 4 (1): 65?88. doi : 10.1086/385492 . ??????? : 19588590 . https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-british-studies_1964-11_4_1/page/65 .
Satterthwaite, G. E. (2003). "Airy's zenith telescopes and "the Birth-Star of Modern Astronomy"". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage (James Cook University) 6 (1): 13. Bibcode: 2003JAHH....6...13S .
Winterburn, E. (2002). "The Airy Transit Circle" . British History ? Victorians . BBC . ????????????? ???? 9 September 2007 .

??????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????: " Airy, Sir George Biddell ". ?????????????? ?????????????? (11th). (1911). Cambridge University Press.

↑ " Sir George Biddell Airy ". Encyclopaedia Britannica . (1911). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ?????? ????? ???? ????? 70608430 . ???????????? 29 June 2014.
↑ "WGS84 and the Greenwich Meridian" . Royal Observatory, Greenwich . ????????????? ???? 9 May 2014 .
↑ "A Guide to Coordinate Systems" (PDF) . Ordnance Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2016 . ????????????? ???? 9 May 2014 .
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 British Academy (2006). Airy "Sir George Biddell (1801?1892)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ?????? ????? ???? ????? : 56568095 . http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/251 Airy . ??????? ????: 24 February 2008 . (subscription or UK public library membership required)
↑ Chapman, Allan (January 1998). "The Female Touch". Astronomy Now 12 : 43?47.
↑ Chapman, Allan (June 2003). "Porters, watchmen, and the crime of William Sayers: the non-scientific staff of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in Victorian times". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage (James Cook University) 6 (1): 27. Bibcode: 2003JAHH....6...27C .
↑ Goward, K.J. (2005). "G B Airy's Country Retreat" . Institute of Astronomy . University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 7 ?????? 2007 . ????????????? ???? 9 September 2007 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archivedate= ( help )
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Goward, Kenneth J (2006). "Founding of Orwell Park Observatory" . Institute of Astronomy . University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 15 ??????? 2007 . ????????????? ???? 16 December 2007 .
↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20608346
↑ Fuller, A. T. (2004) " Routh, Edward John (1831?1907) ", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press, accessed 9 September 2007 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
↑ "No. 23868" . ??????? ????? . 18 June 1872.
↑ A description and images of Airy's Suffolk cottage and church are found in Goward (2005)
↑ "LIST OF PRESIDENTS AND DATES OF OFFICE" . A brief history of the RAS . Royal Astronomical Society . ????????????? ???? 10 September 2012 .
↑ "Book of Members, 1780?2010: Chapter A" (PDF) . American Academy of Arts and Sciences . ????????????? ???? 6 April 2011 .
↑ "Mars Nomenclature: Crater, craters" . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . USGS: Astrogeology Research Program . ????????????? ???? 16 August 2007 .
↑ Morton, Oliver (2002). Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World . New York: Picador USA. pp. 22 ?23. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-312-24551-3 .
↑ Cocks, E. E. & Cocks, J. C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature . Tudor Publishers. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-936389-27-3 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
↑ Holthuijsen, Leo H. (2007). Waves in oceanic and coastal waters . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 106 . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-86028-8 .

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "?????? ?????? ???" , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , ????? ????????? ????????????? .
????????????? ??????????? George Biddell Airy ??? ??????????
????????????? ??????????? Wilfrid Airy ??? ??????????
Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1833: MNRAS 2 (1833) 159
Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1846: MNRAS 7 (1846) 64
Mathematical Tracts on the Lunar and Planetary Theories 4th edition (London, McMillan, 1858)
Full texts of some of the papers by Airy are available at Gallica: bibliotheque numerique de la Bibliotheque nationale de France
Astronomical Journal 11 (1892) 96

?????????????? [ ???? ]

E. J. R. , Proceedings of the Royal Society , 51 (1892), i?xii
?? ?????? , 5 January 1892
East Anglian Daily Times , 11 January 1892
Suffolk Chronicle , 9 January 1892
Daily Times , 5 January 1892
"Obituary ? Sir George Biddell Airy" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 52 : 212?229. 1892. doi : 10.1093/mnras/52.4.212 . Bibcode: 1892MNRAS..52..212. . http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0052//0000212.000.html .
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers , 108 (1891?92), 391?394
Astronomical Journal 11 (1892) 96
Astronomische Nachrichten 129 (1892) 33/34
The Observatory 15 (1892) 73
Obituary in: ??????????:Cite PSM

[eb1911-1] " Sir George Biddell Airy ". Encyclopaedia Britannica . (1911). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ?????? ????? ???? ????? 70608430 . ???????????? 29 June 2014.

[2] "WGS84 and the Greenwich Meridian" . Royal Observatory, Greenwich . ????????????? ???? 9 May 2014 .

[3] "A Guide to Coordinate Systems" (PDF) . Ordnance Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2016 . ????????????? ???? 9 May 2014 .

[ODNB-4] 4.0 ^4.1 British Academy (2006). Airy "Sir George Biddell (1801?1892)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ?????? ????? ???? ????? : 56568095 . http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/251 Airy . ??????? ????: 24 February 2008 . (subscription or UK public library membership required)

[Chapman1998-5] Chapman, Allan (January 1998). "The Female Touch". Astronomy Now 12 : 43?47.

[Chapman2003-6] Chapman, Allan (June 2003). "Porters, watchmen, and the crime of William Sayers: the non-scientific staff of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, in Victorian times". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage (James Cook University) 6 (1): 27. Bibcode: 2003JAHH....6...27C .

[goward2005-7] Goward, K.J. (2005). "G B Airy's Country Retreat" . Institute of Astronomy . University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 7 ?????? 2007 . ????????????? ???? 9 September 2007 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archivedate= ( help )

[goward2006-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Goward, Kenneth J (2006). "Founding of Orwell Park Observatory" . Institute of Astronomy . University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 15 ??????? 2007 . ????????????? ???? 16 December 2007 .

[9] ttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20608346

[10] Fuller, A. T. (2004) " Routh, Edward John (1831?1907) ", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press, accessed 9 September 2007 (subscription or UK public library membership required)

[11] "No. 23868" . ??????? ????? . 18 June 1872.

[12] A description and images of Airy's Suffolk cottage and church are found in Goward (2005)

[13] "LIST OF PRESIDENTS AND DATES OF OFFICE" . A brief history of the RAS . Royal Astronomical Society . ????????????? ???? 10 September 2012 .

[AAAS-14] "Book of Members, 1780?2010: Chapter A" (PDF) . American Academy of Arts and Sciences . ????????????? ???? 6 April 2011 .

[15] "Mars Nomenclature: Crater, craters" . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . USGS: Astrogeology Research Program . ????????????? ???? 16 August 2007 .

[16] Morton, Oliver (2002). Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World . New York: Picador USA. pp. 22 ?23. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-312-24551-3 .

[17] Cocks, E. E. & Cocks, J. C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature . Tudor Publishers. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-936389-27-3 . {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )

[18] Holthuijsen, Leo H. (2007). Waves in oceanic and coastal waters . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 106 . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-86028-8 .

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