??????????? ( stele ) ( / ? s t iː l i / ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? , ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????, ???? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ^[1] ????????????? ???????? ?????????????, ????? ??????????????? ??????????????.

????????? ???????? ??????????????

????????????? [ ???? ]

• 
  ????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????, ???? 2575
• 
  ???????? ???????? (???? 760?656) ?????? ???????????
• 
  ???????????, ???? 2500
• 
  ????????? ?????? ????????????? , ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ???? 1750
• 
  [???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????, ??????, ???? 14-??? ??????????
• 
  ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????, ???? 1200
• 
  ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????, ???? 520
• 
  ?????? ???????? ???????????, ???? 400
• 
  ?????? ???????? ???????????, ???? 280
• 
  ?????????? ??? , ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ???? 196
• 
  ???????? ????? ???????????, ???? 583
• 
  ????????? ?????????????? ???????????

???????? ????? [ ???? ]

• ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????
• ???????
• ????
• ?????????? ???
• ???????? ????
• ????????
• ??????

???????????????? [ ???? ]

??????????? [ ???? ]

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

• The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art: stone sculpture , a fully digitized collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on steles]

???? ???????????? [ ???? ]

• Boardman, John, ed. The Cambridge Ancient History , Part 1, 2nd Edition, ( ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-521-22496-3 )
• Collon, Dominique, et al. "Stele." Grove Art Online . Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 3 Jun. 2015. Subscription required
• Miller, Mary (1999). Maya Art and Architecture . London, UK and New York, USA: Thames & Hudson . ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-500-20327-X . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   41659173 .
• Pool, Christopher A. Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica . ???????????? ????????????? ????????? , 2007 ( ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-521-78312-5 )
• Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press . ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-8047-4817-9 . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   57577446 .
• Stewart, Daniel Moroni (2009). "Parentage Statements and Paired Stelae: Signs of Dynastic Succession for the Classic Maya" (PDF) . Provo, Utah, USA: Brigham Young University . ????????????? ???? 2016-02-09 .
• David Stuart (Mayanist) (Spring?Autumn 1996). "Kings of Stone: A Consideration of Stelae in Ancient Maya Ritual and Representation". RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: President and Fellows of Harvard College acting through the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology ) (29/30 The Pre-Columbian): 148?171.  
• Till, Karen E. The New Berlin: Memory, Politics, Place . University of Minnesota Press , 2005
• Wilkinson, Endymion (2000), Chinese History: A Manual (2nd ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Yenching Institute , ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-674-00249-0 .

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

• The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art: stone sculpture , a fully digitized collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on steles]