??????? ???????

??????? ?????????? ???????
??????? ?????????? ???????
	??????? ???????, 1970-?????
???????	?????? 26, 1900 ; ????????? , ?????
??????	?????????? 30, 1985 (???? 85) ; Pasadena, California
???????	??????????
????	Seismology
???????????	California Institute of Technology
????? ???? ???????	Stanford University ; California Institute of Technology
????????????	Richter magnitude scale

??????? ?????????? ??????? (Charles Francis Richter: 1900?1985) ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????. ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? (logarithm) ??????? ???????? ???????????????????? ^[1]

???????? ????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????? 1900, ?????? 26 ??? ???? ?????????. ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ???????. ??????? ??????? 14 ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????. 1909-?? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ^[2]

???? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????. ???????????? ??????????? ???? 16 ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????. 1920-?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ^[2]

1927-?? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ( Robert Millikan)???? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ^[3] ????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????????, ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????. ^[4]

1928-?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? (Lillian Brandt) ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????????.

??? [ ???? ]

??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????????, ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????. ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? (Kiyoo Wadati) ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ???????????? , ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? (Seismograph) ????? ????????????. ??????? ?????????(Intensity) ?????????? ?????? ???? (Logarthimic Scale) ??????? ???????????????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ' ??????? ???????? ' ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ????????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????. 1935-?? ??? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????. 1936 ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? 1937-?? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????. 1952-?? ????????????????????????? ???????????.

??????? [ ???? ]

1941-?? ???? ????????????????? ??????? ‘???????? ???????????’ ???? ???? ????? ????????????. 1954-?? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????. 1958-?? ‘???????? ??????????????’ ???? ???? ????? ????????????. ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

?????????? [ ???? ]

1959-1960-?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? (Fulbright Scholar) ????? ??????, ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????. 1971-?? [[???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????????. ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????????, ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????????????????????.

??????????????? [ ???? ]

1970-?? ????????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ' ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ^[5] ??????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ???????????? ????????, ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????. ??????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ^[6]

????? [ ???? ]

1985 ??? ????? ?????????? 30 ??? ???? ???? 85 ??? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????. ^[7]

????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???, ?? 2012 ????
Richter, CF (1976). "Earthquake Light in Focus". Science 194 (4262): 259. doi : 10.1126/science.194.4262.259 . ??????? : 17738034 . Bibcode: 1976Sci...194..259R .
Anderson, DL; Archambeau, CB; Brune, JN; Richter, CF; Smith, SW; Al, JH; Bai, LF; Ryall, A et al . (1970). "Earthquakes and Nuclear Detonations". Science 167 (3920): 1011?1014. doi : 10.1126/science.167.3920.1011 . ??????? : 17749620 . Bibcode: 1970Sci...167.1011A .
Richter, CF (1969). "Transversely Aligned Seismicity and Concealed Structure". Science 166 (3902): 173?178. doi : 10.1126/science.166.3902.173 . ??????? : 17731474 . Bibcode: 1969Sci...166..173R .
Richter, CF (1958). "New Dimensions in Seismology: Earthquakes are characterized by geographical position, instant of occurrence, depth, and magnitude". Science 128 (3317): 175?182. doi : 10.1126/science.128.3317.175 . ??????? : 17814547 . Bibcode: 1958Sci...128..175R .
Richter, CF (1956). "Dangerous Dagger". Science 123 (3200): 723. doi : 10.1126/science.123.3200.723 . ??????? : 17740174 . Bibcode: 1956Sci...123..723R .
Gutenberg, B; Richter, CF (1936). "Magnitude and Energy of Earthquakes". Science 83 (2147): 183?185. doi : 10.1126/science.83.2147.183 . ??????? : 17770563 . Bibcode: 1936Sci....83..183G .

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ http://neic.cr.usgs.gov/neis/seismology/people/int_richter.html%7C ^{[
??????????? ???????
]} ??????? ????????? ??????
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 "???????????????????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2011-10-14 . ????????????? ???? 2012-05-21 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )
↑ Charles F. Richter". UXL newsmakers. 2005.
↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/502857/Charles-F-Richter
↑ Laurence A. Marschall (February 2007). "Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man". Natural History Magazine.
↑ Susan Elizabeth Hough (2007). Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-691-12807-8 .
↑ https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth520/content/l2_p26.html

??????????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ??????.???? ????????????? 2011-10-14 at the ??????? ?????????
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https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth520/content/l2_p26.html
???????????????????.?????.????. ^{[
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]}
????????????.????

[1] ttp://neic.cr.usgs.gov/neis/seismology/people/int_richter.html%7C ^{[
??????????? ???????
]} ??????? ????????? ??????

[robinsonlibrary.com-2] 2.0 ^2.1 "???????????????????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2011-10-14 . ????????????? ???? 2012-05-21 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )

[3] Charles F. Richter". UXL newsmakers. 2005.

[4] ttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/502857/Charles-F-Richter

[5] Laurence A. Marschall (February 2007). "Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man". Natural History Magazine.

[6] Susan Elizabeth Hough (2007). Richter's Scale: Measure of an Earthquake, Measure of a Man. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-691-12807-8 .

[7] ttps://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth520/content/l2_p26.html

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