??????

Republic of Zaire
Republic of Zaire Republique du Zaire ( ???????? ???? ) ; Repubilika ya Zaire ( ?????? ???? ) ; Republiki ya Zaire ( ??????? ???? ) ; Jamhuri ya Zaire ( Swahili ) ; Ditunga dia Zaire ( Luba-Lulua )
	1971?1997
	Flag Emblem
	??????????: Paix ? Justice ? Travail ; "Peace ? Justice ? Work"
	???????????: La Zairoise ; "The Song of Zaire" ;
???????? ??????? ????? ?????	???????? ; 4°19′S 15°19′E / 4.317°S 15.317°E
????? ????(???)	French
????? ???????	??????? ???? · Kikongo ya leta · Swahili · Tshiluba
???? ???????	See Ethnic groups section below
????? (1986)	50% ?????????? ????????? ; 20% ????????????? ????????? ; 10% Kimbanguism ; 10% ??????? ; 10% ??? ;
??????	Zairian
?????????	Unitary Mobutist one-party
????????
? 1965?1997	???????? ???? ??????
? 1977?1979 (?????)	Mpinga Kasenda
? 1997 (last)	Likulia Bolongo
??????????	Legislative Council
???????? ????????	?????????
? Coup d'etat	24 ??????? 1965
? ????????	27 ???????? 1971
? ?????? ????????????	15 ??????? 1974
? ????? ?????? ????	18 ?? 1997
? Mobutu ??????	7 ??????????? 1997
??????
? ???????	2,345,409 km 2 (905,567 sq mi)
? ???? (%)	3.32
?????? ????
? 1971	18,400,000
? 1997	46,498,539
??.?.?. (???????)	1983 ?????????
? ???????	$83 billion
????? (1990 formula)	0.294 ; ????
??????	Zairean zaire ( ZRN )
??? ?????	?.?.?? +1 to +2 ( WAT and CAT )
?????? ?????????	right
?????????????	+243
?.???.? 3166 ????????	ZR
?????? ????	.zr
?????????	?????????
	Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
MONUSCO
???????? ????????	?????? ???????????? ????????
	↑ The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution was actually referring to the Kituba language ? which is known as Kikongo ya leta by its speakers ? not the ?????? ???? proper. The confusion arose from the fact that the government of the Zaire officially recognized and referred to the language simply as "Kikongo". ;

?????? ( Zaire , / z ?ː ? ??r / ( ????? ^ⓘ) , also UK : / z a? ? ??r / ), ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ( Republic of Zaire ) (???????? ????: Republique du Zaire , [?epyblik dy zai?] ) ???? ???? ??????????????? ??????. ?????? 1971 ????? 1997 ???, ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????????????. ??????, ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ?????? , ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????. ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? 11??? ????? ??????????. 2.3 ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. 1982 ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? (report by IMF's envoy Erwin Blumenthal), ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????. ?????? ????????? ??????? (WMF) ???? ??????? ???????????. ^[5]^[6]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ Constitution de la Republique du Zaire , article 5: "Sa devise est : Paix ? Justice ? Travail" Source: Journal Officiel de la Republique du Zaire (N. 1 du 1 ^er janvier 1983)
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 The World Factbook 1986 (PDF) . Springfield, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 1986. p. 271. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021.
↑ Services, United States Dept of State Office of Media (15 July 1975). Countries of the World and Their Leaders: The U.S. Department of State's Report on Status of the World's Nations, Combined with Its Series of Background Notes Portraying Contemporary Political and Economic Conditions, Governmental Policies and Personnel, Political Parties, Religion, History, Education, Press, Radio and TV, and Other Characteristics of Each Nation: Includes Central Intelligence Agency's List of Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments . Gale Research Company. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9780810310469 – via Google Books.
↑ "Human Development Report 1990" (PDF) . New York: Oxford University Press. 1990. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2014 . ????????????? ???? 23 July 2021 .
↑ Aikins Adusei (30 May 2009). "IMF and World Bank: Agents of Poverty or Partners of Development?" . Modern Ghana . ????????????? ???? 30 March 2015 .
↑ David van Reybrouck (25 March 2014). Congo: The Epic History of a People . HarperCollins , 2012. p. 374ff. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-06-220011-2 .

??????????????? [ ???? ]

Macgaffey, J., 1991. The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and Other Unofficial Activities to National Wealth . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Callaghy, T., The State?Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective . New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-231-05720-2 .
Young, C., and Turner, T., The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State . Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1985, ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-299-10110-7
Abbott, Peter (2014). Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960?2002 . Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1-78200-076-1 . .
" Zaire: a country study ". (4th). (1994). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division , ?????????? ????????? ?????? . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-8444-0795-X . ?????? ????? ???? ????? 30666705 . .

[2] The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution was actually referring to the Kituba language ? which is known as Kikongo ya leta by its speakers ? not the ?????? ???? proper. The confusion arose from the fact that the government of the Zaire officially recognized and referred to the language simply as "Kikongo".

[1] Constitution de la Republique du Zaire , article 5: "Sa devise est : Paix ? Justice ? Travail" Source: Journal Officiel de la Republique du Zaire (N. 1 du 1 ^er janvier 1983)

[CIA-3] 2.0 ^2.1 The World Factbook 1986 (PDF) . Springfield, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 1986. p. 271. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2021.

[4] Services, United States Dept of State Office of Media (15 July 1975). Countries of the World and Their Leaders: The U.S. Department of State's Report on Status of the World's Nations, Combined with Its Series of Background Notes Portraying Contemporary Political and Economic Conditions, Governmental Policies and Personnel, Political Parties, Religion, History, Education, Press, Radio and TV, and Other Characteristics of Each Nation: Includes Central Intelligence Agency's List of Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments . Gale Research Company. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9780810310469 – via Google Books.

[5] "Human Development Report 1990" (PDF) . New York: Oxford University Press. 1990. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2014 . ????????????? ???? 23 July 2021 .

[6] Aikins Adusei (30 May 2009). "IMF and World Bank: Agents of Poverty or Partners of Development?" . Modern Ghana . ????????????? ???? 30 March 2015 .

[dvr-7] David van Reybrouck (25 March 2014). Congo: The Epic History of a People . HarperCollins , 2012. p. 374ff. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-06-220011-2 .

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