???????????

???????????
	?????????
	???????? ??????? ????
???????????	?????? ????? ; Parts of ???????????????
???	??.?.??. 2000 ? ??.?.??. 600 (?????? ???????????); ; ???? 600 ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????)
?????? ?????????	??????-???????? ??????? ??????-?????? ??????? ??????-???? ??????? ??????????? ; ; ;
????? ??????	??? ???? ??????????? ;
???????????	???????? , ; also written in various other ??????? ????????? .
?????? ???????????
ISO 639-1	sa
ISO 639-2	san
ISO 639-3	san
?????? ????????	sans1269

??????????? ( ???????? : Sanskrit ), ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? , ????????? ????????? ?????????. ????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ????????. ??? ?????-???? ??????????????????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ???????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ^[5]

??????? ???????? ???????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ^[6] ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? , ??????????? , ?????? ????????? , ????? ???? , ????????? ??????? ????????? , ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????????. ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????.

??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????. ????? , ??????? , ????????? , ??????? , ???????? , ????????? , ?????? , ????? , ??????? , ???????? , ?????? , ??????? , ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????????????????. ^[7]

???? ?????? ???????? ???????? , ???????? , ??????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????. ^[8] ????????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????.

????? ???????? ??????? 2015-??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ^[9]

??????????? ?????????? ????

????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????. ^[10] ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? , ??. ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????????.

????? ???????? ??????? 2015-??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????????. ^[11]

??????

??????????? ??????? ?????? (????/????????) ^[12] ?????? ??????????????? (??????????? = ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????) ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????????. ??????????? ?????? ????, ???????????, ????????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??? ????????? ??????????. ????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??.?.??. ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????.

??? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????-???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????-?????-???????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????, ??? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????, ?????? , ?????????? , ??????? , ??????? , ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????.

?? ???????? ???????? ????????????, ????????? , ???????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????, ?????????? ???? (?????), ????? (?????) ?????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????. ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????, ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????. ?????????, ????????? , ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????, ?????? ????????????????????? ??????? ???????????????. ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ??????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????.

???????? ?????-???????? ??? ??????? ?????-?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????.

??????????, ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??.?.??. ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ??.?.??. ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????????. ??????? ??? ?????????????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????. ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??. ??.?.??. 500 ????????????? ("8 ???????? ????????"). ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ???????.

???? ???? ???????? ???????????????? (????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????), ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????. ???????????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????????.

???????

???????? ???????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????????????????. ???????, ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????????. ??????? ?? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????????????. ??? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????????.

??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????. ??????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????? ????? ????? ????????? (Rhys Davids) ??????? ?????????????. ???????, ??????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ???????, ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????????, ????????????????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????. 51 ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????, ???????? 51 ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????????.

??????????

???? ???????

??????????????? ????????????????, ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????????, ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????, ???????????, ????? ??? ????????? ??????????????, ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????????, ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????, ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????????? , ????? ?????????????, ??? ???? ???? ???????????, ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????????, ???????, ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????. ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? , ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????. ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????, ???????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????????.

??? ??????????, ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????????, ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????.

?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????. ?????????????????? ???? ?????????? , ???? ??????????, ???????? ??????????, ????????? ??????????, ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? (Tagalog) ?????????? ???? (????????) ????? ??????? ???????? ?????.

??????????? ??????? ??????????

??????????? 48 ??????????? ??????? (???????????? 49 ????????? ???????). ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? , ??????? , ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????.

?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????: ????????, ??????????????? (stops) ????????????? (nasals) (?????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????), ???????? ???????????? (liquids), ?????????????????? (sibilants).

(????????: ?????????????, ???? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????. ??? ????????, ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????????.

????????????

????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ?????. ???????? ????????????????? IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration) ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????. ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????, ???????? ??????? (diacritical marks) ???????????? ?????. ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????????. ????????, ????????-???????? (Harvard-Kyoto), ITRANS ????????? ????????. ITRANS ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????.

????????????????

(??????? ????? ????? ??????????????)

? - ?

? "??". "??" ????????????? ???????

? ?? ?? ????????????? ???????

(Sanskrit recognizes vocalic r (errr) and l (ulll), unlike, say, English)

?????????????

(???? ?????????????????? ????????) (Diphthongs)

? - ?

?- ?

? - ?

???????????????? ?????????? ????? (nasalization) ???????????.

?????????????????

???????????, ????????? ??????????????? (places of articulation), ????????? ??? (voiceless), ? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??? (voiceless aspirate), ????????? ??? (voiced), ? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??? (voiced aspirate) ??????? ???????? ??????? (nasal stop) ??????????? ???????????:

???????????? (Velar) ( ???????? ???? ) (k, kh, g, gh, n as in ing)
???? ???? ??? (Palatal) ( ??????? ???? ) (c, ch, j, jh, ~n)
??? ?????? (Retroflex) (t, th, d, dh, n)
??????? (Dental) (t, th, d, dh, n)
????????? (Labial) (p, ph, b, bh, m)

????????????? ??????????????

↑ Uta Reinohl (2016). Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan . Oxford University Press. pp. xiv, 1?16. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-19-873666-0 .
↑ " http://aboutworldlanguages.com/sanskrit "
↑ Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Sanskrit" . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-census-figure-reveals-increase-in-sanskrit-speakers-in-india/
↑ ??????????? - ?????? ^{[
??????????? ???????
]}
↑ Tale of two villages
↑ ‘Sanskrit has had profound influence on world languages’
↑ History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9788172017989 .
↑ Classical language
↑ Na Canc?vi, C? In?n??ci (1990). Tamiliyal Katturaikal: Papers in Tamilology . Cen?n?aip Palkalaikkal?akam. p. 85.
↑ Classical language
↑ http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:1188.tamillex ^{[
??????????? ???????
]}

???????????????

Sanskrit language
Sanskrit Lessons (free online from the Linguistics Research Center ????????????? 2016-05-23 at the ??????? ????????? at UT Austin)
Samskrita Bharati , organisation supporting the usage of Sanskrit
Sanskrit Documents ?Documents in ITX format of Upanishads, Stotras etc.
Sanskrit texts at Sacred Text Archive
Sanskrit Manuscripts in Cambridge Digital Library

[1] Uta Reinohl (2016). Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan . Oxford University Press. pp. xiv, 1?16. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-19-873666-0 .

[aboutworldlanguages.com-2] " http://aboutworldlanguages.com/sanskrit "

[Glottolog-3] Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Sanskrit" . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[pratidintime.com-4] ttps://www.pratidintime.com/latest-census-figure-reveals-increase-in-sanskrit-speakers-in-india/

[5] ??????????? - ?????? ^{[
??????????? ???????
]}

[6] Tale of two villages

[7] ‘Sanskrit has had profound influence on world languages’

[8] History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9788172017989 .

[9] Classical language

[10] Na Canc?vi, C? In?n??ci (1990). Tamiliyal Katturaikal: Papers in Tamilology . Cen?n?aip Palkalaikkal?akam. p. 85.

[11] Classical language

[12] ttp://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:1188.tamillex ^{[
??????????? ???????
]}

[1]

[2]

[3]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]