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?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??. ?? 1042 ????? 1222 ???, ?????? ??????????????? ????????????, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ^[1] ???????, ???? ???????????????, ????? ???????? "????????? ???????????", ????? ?????????? "????????????", ????? ?????????? "?????????" ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ?????????? ?????????????????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????????, ?????? ???? ???????????????? ?? ????????????????. ???? ????????, "???", "????" ??????????? ????????????????????????.

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??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??. ?? 1045??? ??? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ^[2]^:146-147,158 ?????? ???? ?????, ???????????? ???????? ?????????? "?????" ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????????. ??????????, ????????????? ??? ??? ??????????.

?????? ?????? ????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ????? ???????, "???? ??????? ??????? ???????????" (1104 - 1115) ?????????????????.. ??????????? ?????, ??? ????????????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????????. ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? . ????? ??????????? ?????, "???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????" ??????????. ????? "????????????" ????? ??? ????????, ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????????. ???? ????????? ?????????? "?????????" ?????? "????????" ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ' ???????? ??????? ????????? , ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????, ??????????????? ????????????????. ???????????? ?????????? ?????????, ???? ????????? "????" ?? ????????????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????????. ??????????, ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????, ????????????? ??? ??????? ????????????????????. ????????????? ???????????? ???, ????????????? "????? ??????" ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ??????????????? ????????? ????????????.

?????????? ???????, "???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????????" ???? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ?????. ????? ?????????????? ???? ???????????. ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? "????????? ???????????" ????? ????, 1157??? "????? ????" ????? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????????, ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????, ???? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????????. ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????. ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????? "?????????? ???????" ????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???????????????????????.

?????????????? ???? ????????????? (1160-1170) ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????? (1170-1180) ???????????????. ????????????? ????, "???? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ???? ?????????" ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????. ???? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ?????????? ?????????? "??????????", "??????? ????????" ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????????. 1190?????????1200 ???, ??????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? 1200????????? 1222 ??? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????. 122??? ???? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ??????, ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????. ????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????. ^[2]^:185-187,199

??? ?????????????? ???, ??????????? ???? ????????????? 15??? ???????????? ?????????, ?????????? ???????? "???" ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????????. ???????????? 1478??? ????????? ?????????????????? ??? ?????????????, ??????? ???????????????. ???????, 1527??? ????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????, ???????? ??? ???????????.

????????? ????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????, 11??? 12??? ???????????????, ??????? ??????????????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ^[3] ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????. ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ????, ?????? ????? ???????, ????????? ?????, ?????????????? ??????????????? ???? ????????. ??????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????.

??????? [ ???? ]

???? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????, ?????????????, "??????", "????????????", "??????????", "?????????" ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????.

??????????????? ????????? ????, ???? ????????????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????????? ????, ?????? ??????????, ???????? ????????????, ????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ???????? ???, ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????????????? ????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????????????????? ???? ????????? ????????????, ?????????? ???????????????? ????????. ^[4]

??????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ???????, ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????, ???????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????. ?????????????, ?????? ?????????, ??????????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????.

???????????????? [ ???? ]

↑ Bullough, Nigel (1995). Mujiyono PH (ed.). Historic East Java: Remains in Stone . Jakarta: ADLine Communications. p. 19.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Cœdes, George (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia . University of Hawaii Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9780824803681 .
↑ Drs. R. Soekmono, (1988) [Originally printed in 1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 , 2nd ed . Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 60. {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link )
↑ Drs. R. Soekmono, (1988) [Originally printed in 1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 , 2nd ed . Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 59. {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link )

???????????? [ ???? ]

Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 , 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988
Saidihardjo, Dr. M. Pd., A.M, Sardiman, Drs., Sejarah untuk SMP , Tiga Serangkai, Solo, 1987, 4th reprint edition in 1990

[1] Bullough, Nigel (1995). Mujiyono PH (ed.). Historic East Java: Remains in Stone . Jakarta: ADLine Communications. p. 19.

[Coedes-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Cœdes, George (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia . University of Hawaii Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9780824803681 .

[3] Drs. R. Soekmono, (1988) [Originally printed in 1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 , 2nd ed . Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 60. {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link )

[4] Drs. R. Soekmono, (1988) [Originally printed in 1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 , 2nd ed . Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 59. {{ cite book }}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link )

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]