????

???? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? 1985?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ^[1] ??? , ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????? , ?????? , ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????????? . ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????.???? ??? Emacs ????? ???? ???????????? ???????????????????, ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????????. ^[2]

???? (GNU) ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? . ?????????????????, ???? ?????? ??? , libraries, ????????, compilers, ???????? ?????????? ???????????????.

?????????? ???????? G nu is N ot U nix ??????????. ?????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????????, ????? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????

??????????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????,

GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)
GNU binutils
bash ???????
GNU C library
???????? ????????

???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? , ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????????? ????????????? Xorg, TeX ?????????? ????????????????.

1983 ??? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ???? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? (GNU HURD) ???????? ??????????? ??????????????????. ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????????????. Xorg, TeX ????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????, ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????????????.

??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????. ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ????/??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????.

??????? ???? ????????????? ???????? , ???????? , ??????????? , ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????.

???? ?????????? ?????? , GNU Lesser General Public License, ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????????????????? ??????????????????. ????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????

????????? [ ???? ]

???? ???????? , GNU - ???? ?????????? , ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????? , ??? ????????? , ?????????????????.?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? . ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????.

????????? [ ???? ]

↑ ????????? ????????? (March 1985). "Dr. Dobb's Journal" . Dr. Dobb's Journal 10 (3): 30 . http://www.math.utah.edu/ftp/pub/tex/bib/toc/dr-dobbs-1980.html#10(3):March:1985 . ??????? ????: 2013-08-13 .
↑ Stallman, Richard (March 1985). "The GNU Manifesto ? GNU Project ? Free Software Foundation (FSF) - ??????? ???????" . Gnu.org . Archived from the original on 2013-08-11 . ????????????? ???? 2013-08-13 .

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

[1] ????????? ????????? (March 1985). "Dr. Dobb's Journal" . Dr. Dobb's Journal 10 (3): 30 . http://www.math.utah.edu/ftp/pub/tex/bib/toc/dr-dobbs-1980.html#10(3):March:1985 . ??????? ????: 2013-08-13 .

[2] Stallman, Richard (March 1985). "The GNU Manifesto ? GNU Project ? Free Software Foundation (FSF) - ??????? ???????" . Gnu.org . Archived from the original on 2013-08-11 . ????????????? ???? 2013-08-13 .

[1]

[2]