한국   대만   중국   일본 
???????? ?????????? - ????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????

???????? ??????????

??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????.
?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? (1340???, ???? ??????). ???? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? (????? 14 ???????????? ??????????????????????????). (?????? : ???????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ???? 1716).

???????? ?????????? ( acupuncture ) ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????? [1] . ???????? ??????????: ??? ??????????????, ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????, ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????.

???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ???? (史記, ????????: Records of the Grand Historian ) ?????. ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? BCE ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? (黃帝內經, ????????: Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon ) ????????. [2] ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????????. ???????? ????????????? 20 ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????????. [3] ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????????????. [3] ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] ???? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????. [8] [9] ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????????. [3] [10] [11] ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. ????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????????????????. [12] ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????????. [13] ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????????????????. [14] ????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????????. [13] [15] ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? (National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine) (NCCAM) ??????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? (American Medical Association) (AMA) ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? (?????? ????? ???? ??????????) ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????????. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????. [4] [16] [17] [18]

?????? [ ???? ]

???????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????. [19] ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????. [20] ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????? ?? ???????? ??????????????. [21] 1963 ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????. [22] ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? (????????????????? ?????? 1600-1100) ????????????? ??????? ???????????????????. ???? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????????? ??????. [23] ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. [22] ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? (史記, ???????????, ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ) ???????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????. ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ( Yellow Emperor) ??? ?????????????? ????????? (???????? ?????????????? ??????) ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????. ??? ??.?? 305?204 ???????????????? ??????? ??????????????????. ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????. ??.?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????. ????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????????. [2]

??????????? ????? ? ????????? (Otzi the Iceman) 5,000-?????-??????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? 15 ????????? ??????????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????????. [24]

????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? , ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????.

???????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? 90 ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????????. ?????? 1023 ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????. ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ??? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????. [25] 16 ??? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????????. [26] ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? (Jacob de Bondt) ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????. [27] ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? (Willem ten Rhijne) ?????? ????????????. ??? 1683 ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ??????????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????????????????. [28] 1757 ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? (Xu Daqun) ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????????????????. ???? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????. ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????. [29]

1822 ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????. ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????. [30]

???? ????? [ ???? ]

1970? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? (James Reston) ? ?????????? ???????? (The New York Times) ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????????. ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????. ???????? (Mr. Reston) ????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????. [31] ????????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? (National Acupuncture Association) (NAA) ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????????. ???? NAA 1972 ??? ??????? UCLA ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????. ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????. ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? 1972 ??? ????? ???? 9 ??? ???? ????????? ??.?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?? (Dr. Yao Wu Lee) ???????? ????????????????? ?????????????. [32] 1973 ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? (Internal Revenue Service) ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????. [33]

2006 ??? ??????? ??.??.?? ??? ?????? ????????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????????????????. ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????. [34] [35] [36]

????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????????????. [37] [38]

??????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????.

????????? ??? ?????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ??? ?????????? (Traditional Chinese medicine) (TCM) ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????-???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????. [4] ????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ????-??? (?腑) ????? ??????????? ??????? "?????????????? ????????????" ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????????. ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????. ???? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????, ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ?????? ?????? " ??????????? ?????? " ?? ???????? ??????????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????????????????? ??????????. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????. ????????? ??? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????. ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????-??? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? (????????? "???????" ????? ??????????? 穴 ?????? ???? ) ????????????????????.

???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???????: Acupuncture point ??????? Meridian (Chinese medicine)

???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 12 ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ( ???? ??????? ???????????????????) ???? ???????? 14 "???????" ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????. ???? 14 ????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???????????????. ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? "???" ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????????????. 12 ??????? ????????? ??????-??? ???? ?????????, ???????????, ?????, ????????, ?????, ?????????, ??????, ??????????, ??????, ?????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????, ??????? ?????????, ???????? ???????, ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? (??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????) ??? ????????????????. ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 12 ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????????????.

????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ?????? "????? ????????????" ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????.

??????-??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????????. ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? (?????????, ?????? ??????? ?????) ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (???????????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????) ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????. ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? (????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????) ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (?????, ????????? ??????? ????????????) ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? "???????????" ( ??- ), "???????" ( ????- ), "???????" ( ????- ) ?????? "???????" ( -?????? ) ????????? ??????? ???????????????.

?????? ??????? ???????????? (?????? ???????) ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????:

????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????. ?????? 12 ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????.

???? ?????????????? ????????, ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????. "?????? ???????????, ??????? ?????????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? 12 ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????." [(?????? ?????, ???????? 12)]. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????. [39]

???????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ???? ??????????? ????? ??????????? (National Institutes of Health) 1997 ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ????, ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????????. [4] ??? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? 365 "?????????" ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????. ?????? TCM ????????? ???????????????? 12 ?????????????? ???? ????????? ????????? 12 ???????? ?????????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????? , ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????. [40] ???? ????????? ?????????? 2008 ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????????????. [41]

????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????. TCM ??? ???????????, ?????????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????. [42]

  • ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ????, ??????, ????????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????.
  • ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? (?????????????? ???????) ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????????.
  • ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????, ??????????, ?????????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ????, ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? "??? ???????????" ????? ?????????????.
  • ?????????? ????????? "???" ?????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? (?????????? ??????? ??????) ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???, ??????, ?? (?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????????) ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????.

???????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????????????. ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? (????????) ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????.

????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

TCM ???? ????????????? ???????????? ????? "?????? ????????? ???????????????" ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????????. ?????? ????????? ????????????? TCM ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????????? TCM ???????????????? ???????????? ???????????????. ???? ????????????? TCM ?????????? "??? ????, ?? ??????????????; ??? ???????????, ?? ???????" ???????? ?????????? ??????????. (?????????, 1982)

?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????. [43]

????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? (Medical Acupuncture Society) (1959?1980) ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? (British Medical Acupuncture Society) [44] (1980) ?????? ??????? 1962 ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????: ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? (Acupuncture: The Ancient Chinese Art of Healing) ?????????? ????????? ???? (Felix Mann) ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? (Reinventing Acupuncture: A New Concept of Ancient Medicine) ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????:

"???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????." (?. 14)

??????...

"???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????? ???? ???????????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???? [???????? ??????????] ?????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????????????? ???????????????." (?. 31) [45]

????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????????. ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????????????????. ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???????????. ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? "???????? ???????? ??????????" ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????. ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????.

???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? '???????? ????????????? ????????' ????? ?????? ?????????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????? '???????? ??????????' ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ????????. ???? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????, ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????, ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????????????. ?????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????.

???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? (Wallace Sampson) ??????? ?????? ????????????? (Barry Beyerstein) ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????:

???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ( ?.??. , ??????????? ??????? [????] ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????). ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????. ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ?????????????." [46]

??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?. ?????? (George A. Ulett), MD, PhD ??????????? ??????????????:

"??? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????." ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????????. ????? ?????? 80 ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????." [47]

? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? (The Web That Has No Weaver) ?????????? ???? ??. ????????? (Ted J. Kaptchuk) [48] ???????? ???????????? "???? ????????" ???????????? ????????????????. TCM ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????:

"???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????????. ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????????????. ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? "?????" ?????????????????." (1983, ???. 34-35) [49]

???????? ?????????? ????? 1997 ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???:

""???????? ?????????? ???????????" ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????." [4]

???????? ?????????? ?????? "????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????" [50] ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????????????.

?????? ????? (Chicago Reader) ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? (The Straight Dope) ???:

"???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ????????????.". [51]

???????? ??????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???

??????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????? ???????????? (0.007 ????? 0.020 ??? (0.18 ????? 0.51 mm)) ????? ???????????????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???????????????????. ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? (??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????) ??????? ???????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? (??????? ????????) ?????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????????????. ??????? ????????????????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????.

??????? ?????????????? (?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????) ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????. ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??? ??????????? zh?n j?u (針灸) "???" ????? ??????????? zhen ??????? "??????????????" ????? ??????????? jiu ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????. ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????. ???????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? (??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????????) ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????.

???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ( ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????) ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????/?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????. ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ??????????????? ??????? he g? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????. ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? "????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????" ?? ????????????????????. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????. ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? "?????? ???? ?????" ?????? ??? ???????? 3-5 ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????..

???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????????:

  1. ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????.
  2. ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????.
  3. ?????????? ???? ????? ????????. [52]

???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???????? ????????????????? (2004) ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????: "????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????. ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????????????????????." [53] ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????????????????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????????????. ????????: "?????? ?????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? 1 ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????????." [53]

  • ?????????? ??????/??????????????
  • ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????
  • ??????? ??????????
  • ???? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????
  • ?????????
  • ???????????, ??????, ????
  • ?????????/?????? ????
  • ???????? ?????? ???(???????? ???? ????? ?????)
  • ??????????????, ??? ???? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ??????????
  • ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? (?????????? ??????? ???????????????, ????????????? ??? ?????????????, ???? ????????, ????????????? ?????) *
  • ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????????
  • ???????????, ???????????????
  • ???? ???????????? ????????????? ??????
  • ??????? ???????????? ?????????????????????? [54] ????? ???? ????????? ????? [55] [56] [57]
  • ???????, ???? ???
  • ???????????
  • ?????? (????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???), ???????????? (??????? ????), ???????????
  • ???? ????? ????? ???????????, ????? ???? ????? ????????
  • ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????
  • ??? ????????????????, ??? ???? ??????????, ??? ???????????, ??????????????????
  • ?????? ?????? (??????????????, ????? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ???, ??????)
  • ????????? ???? ??????
  • ????? ??????????
  • ????????? ???
  • ?????????? ????????? ??????
  • ????-?????????????? ??????? ????-??????? ????? ??????????
  • ???????? ?????????? (???? ???????, ????????, ??? ????, ????????? ???? ??????)
  • ??? ?????????????? ????????????? ???? ????????? (???????????, ??? ???? ?????)
  • ????? ?????? ?????
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  • ??????????? ??????? ???????????
  • ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ??? ????????
  • ??????????????? ????????????????, ??????????? (?????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ????????????, ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????)
  • ??? ??????

????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? [ ???? ]

?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????. [58]

???????? ??????-??????????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

??? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? (1962 [59] ??????? 1965 ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? (Ronald Melzack) ??????? ???????? ???? (Patrick Wall) ????????? ????????????????) [60] ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????????. ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????????????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????????? (?????? ??? ?????? ????). ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????. ????? ??????????? 1976 ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????. [61]

??? ??? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????, ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????????-???????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????? (?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????).

?????? ?????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???? ???????? ?????????? ??????.

??????????????? ???? , ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? (???-????????????? ????) ???????????????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????.

???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????? (?????? ?????????) ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????. ?????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. [62] [63] [64] [65] ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????. ???? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????. [66]

???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????????. [67] ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? (?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????) ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. [68]

???????????? ????????????? ???????? fMRI ( ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? (functional magnetic resonance imaging)) [69] ????????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? PET ( ?????????? ??????? ????? (positron emission tomography)) [70] ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????. [71] ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????. [72] ??? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????. fMRI ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????????. [73]

?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????????????. [74] [75] ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????. [76]

????????????? ???????? ????? [ ???? ]

????? ???????????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????. [5] ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????????, ??? ??????????, ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ????????. ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????:

Controlled trials of surgical procedures have been done less frequently than studies of medications because it is much more difficult to standardize the process of surgery. Surgery depends to some degree on the skills and training of the surgeon and the specific environment and support team available to the surgeon. A surgical procedure in the hands of a highly skilled, experienced surgeon is different from the same procedure in the hands of an inexperienced and unskilled surgeon... For many CAM modalities, it is similarly difficult to separate the effectiveness of the treatment from the effectiveness of the person providing the treatment. [7] :126

???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????. ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? "???? ???????? ??????????????" ???????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????????. ???? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????????. [4] [6] ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? 2007 ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????:

Weak physiologic activity of superficial or sham needle penetration is suggested by several lines of research, including RCTs showing larger effects of a superficial needle penetrating acupuncture than those of a nonpenetrating sham control, positron emission tomography research indicating that sham acupuncture can stimulate regions of the brain associated with natural opiate production, and animal studies showing that sham needle insertion can have nonspecific analgesic effects through a postulated mechanism of “diffuse noxious inhibitory control”. Indeed, superficial needle penetration is a common technique in many authentic traditional Japanese acupuncture styles. [77]

2009 ????? ????? ??? BMJ ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ???????????? 13 ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????, ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????. [78]

?????? ??????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??????? ???????? (evidence-based medicine) (EBM) ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ???????? ???????????? (Cochrane Collaboration) ??????? ??????????? (Bandolier) ????? ????????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????????. ??????????? EBM ???? "????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????" ??????????. ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???? "????-???????" ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????. [79]

???????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? 2007 ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? (Edzard Ernst) ??????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ??????? 2000 ??????? 2005 ??? ?????????? (??? ????????) ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????:

???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????????. ... ???? ??????? ???????? 26 ????????? 13 ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????. 7 ?????????????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ( ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????. ?????? 6 ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????????. [3]

???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????. ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????. [10] [80] ???????? ??? ??????? (American Pain Society)/ ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? (American College of Physicians) ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????. [81]

???????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? [82] ??????? ???????? [83] ?????? ??????????? ???????????.

???????? ?????????? ????-??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????. ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. [11] 2006 ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????. ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????. [84] ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ??????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????. [85]

??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????????. [86]

????????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????. [87] ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????. ????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????. [88]

???????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? [89] [90] ??????? ??????????? [91] ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? (Osteoarthritis Research Society International) 2008 ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????????????????. [92]

?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????????. [93]

????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????????????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????:

???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. [112] [113] ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? (Simon Singh) ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???? ?? ????????? (?????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????) ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????. ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????. [114]

??????? ???????? ????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????????????? [115] ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? 2005 ??? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????, ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????. ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????.

NIH ??????????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

1997 ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? (National Institutes of Health) (NIH) ???????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????????????. ???? ??????? NIH ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ??? NIH ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????????. ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????. ??? ???????????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????. [4]

???? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? (Quackwatch) ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? (Wallace Sampson) ?????? ??????????????????. ????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????. [116]

2006 ??? ??????? NIH ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ????? (National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine) NIH ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????????. [16]

??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

2003 ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????????. ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????????. ??? ???????????: [12]

?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????????????? ??????.

???? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????:

"???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????????. ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????. ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ???????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????."

???? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? (???) "???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????????" ?????? ?????????????????.

???? ??????? ????????????????? ????????. ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????????????. [13] ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????????. [13] ???? ????????? 2008 ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????????? (Trick or Treatment) ???? ???????? ??????????????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? (???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????). ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????????. [15]

???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? [ ???? ]

1997 ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? (AMA) ????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???????:

'

"??????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????????. ????? ???????????????, ???????????? ??????????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ????????."

'

???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???? AMA 1992 ??????? 1993 ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????. [117]

?????????? ??????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????????, ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????. [118] [119] ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????????? ?????? ?.??. ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????. ?????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????. [120]

???????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????. ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????, ????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????????????. ???????? (T?y?hari) ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? (Sh?nishin) ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????.

?????? ???????????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? 10,000 ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? 671 ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????????. [121] 3535 ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? 402 ????????????? ??????? ??????, ???????????? ????, ????? ??????, ????????????, ??????????, ??????????? , ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????. [17] ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????: "???????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????." [17]

???? ????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????:

  • ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????.
  • ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? .
  • ????????????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? . [122]
  • ???????????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????.
  • ????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????????????? ??????????? (??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????) ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????. [123]
  • ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ( ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ) ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????.
  • ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? (?????????????) ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????. [124]

???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ???? ????????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????????.

????????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????????????????. [125] [126] ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????. [127] [128] [129]

???? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ????????????? NIH ????????????????? ???? "???????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????" ????? ???????????????????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????:

"?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ???????????????? ????????????????? , ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ... ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? (?????????, ???????????, ??????? ?? ) ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????????????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????. ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????".

?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? [ ???? ]

????????? ???????: Regulation of acupuncture

???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ( ?????? ) ????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????. ?? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????????. 20 ?????? ??????? ??????? 200 ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????. ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? 3,000 ??? ????????? ????????????. ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????.

????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? "?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????" ?????? L.Ac.????? ????? ??????????????????????. "Dipl. Ac." ?????? "????????? ???? ???????? ??????????" ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ???? ????????????????? NCCAOM ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????????????. [130] ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????????.

2005 ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? 59 ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????. [131] 1996 ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? (Food and Drug Administration) ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? III ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? II ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????. [132] [133] 2004 ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? 50% ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????. [134] [135]

2003 ??? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????. ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????, 2006, S.O. 2006, ???????? 27 ?????? ?????????????????????????????. [136] ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? [137] ???????? ????????????? ???????????.

?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????????????.

??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????????. ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ??????????. [138] ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? (???? ????????) ??????????????? 2000 [139] ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????????????????. ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????.

???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????.

???????????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ Acupuncture: the Chinese practice of piercing specific areas of the body along peripheral nerves with fine needles to relieve pain, induce surgical anesthesia, and for therapeutic purposes. Dorland's Pocket Medical Dictionary , 25th ed. W. B. Saunders Co., 1995. ????????? 0-521-22515-9.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Prioreschi, P (2004). A history of Medicine, Volume 2 . Horatius Press. pp.  147?8 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   1888456019 .
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Ernst E, Pittler MH, Wider B, Boddy K. (2007). "Acupuncture: its evidence-base is changing" . Am J Chin Med. 35 (1): 21?5. doi : 10.1142/S0192415X07004588 . ??????? : 17265547 . https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-chinese-medicine_2007_35_1/page/21 .  
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 NIH Consensus Development Program (November 3?5, 1997). "Acupuncture --Consensus Development Conference Statement" . National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 2011-08-25 . ????????????? ???? 2007-07-17 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: date format ( link )
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 White AR, Filshie J, Cummings TM (2001). "Clinical trials of acupuncture: consensus recommendations for optimal treatment, sham controls and blinding". Complement Ther Med. 9 (4): 237?245. doi : 10.1054/ctim.2001.0489 . ??????? : 12184353 .  
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Johnson MI (2006). "The clinical effectiveness of acupuncture for pain relief?you can be certain of uncertainty". Acupunct Med. 24 (2): 71?9. doi : 10.1136/aim.24.2.71 . ??????? : 16783282 .  
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Committee on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the American Public. (2005). Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States . National Academies Press.
  8. ↑ Madsen MV, Gøtzsche PC, Hrobjartsson A (2009). "Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups" . BMJ 338 : a3115. doi : 10.1136/bmj.a3115 . ??????? : 19174438 . http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19174438 .  
  9. ↑ Ernst, Edzard (2006-02). "Acupuncture - a critical analysis" . Journal of Internal Medicine 259 (2): 125?137. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2005.01584.x . ??????? : 16420542 . https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-internal-medicine_2006-02_259_2/page/125 . ??????? ????: 2008-04-08 .  
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Furlan AD, van Tulder MW, Cherkin DC (2005). "Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain" . Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (1): CD001351. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD001351.pub2 . ??????? : 15674876 . http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab001351.html .  
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lee A, Done ML (2004). "Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point P6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting" . Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (3): CD003281. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD003281.pub2 . ??????? : 15266478 . http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003281.html .  
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Zhang, X (2003). "Acupuncture: Review and Analysis of Reports on Controlled Clinical Trials" . ??? ??????? ??????? .
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  135. ↑ Claxton, Gary (2004). The Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research and Educational Trust Employer Health Benefits 2004 Annual Survey (PDF) . pp. 106?107. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-87258-812-2 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-01 . ????????????? ???? 2010-06-29 . {{ cite book }} : Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( help )
  136. ↑ Traditional Chinese Medicine Act, 2006, S.O. 2006, c. 27
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