?????? ??????

?????? ??????
?????? ?????? ;
???????	17 ???????? 1962 ; ???????
??????	1 ?????????? 2003 (???? 40) ; ???????
??????	?????? ??????? ?????? , Arlington National Cemetery
?????? ???????	Punjab Engineering College ; ??????? ????????????? ; Tagore Baal Niketan Sr. Sec. School, Karnal ; University of Texas at Arlington ; ??????? ????????????? ;
???	Flight engineer, ????????
???? ??????????	Ames Research Center ; Overset Methods, Inc. ; ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ;
?????????	Congressional Space Medal of Honor, NASA Distinguished Service Medal
	[ ?????????????? ???? ]

?????? ?????? ( Kalpana Chawla , 17 ?????? 1962 - 1 ???????? 2003 ) ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????.

????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ???? ^[1] ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????????. ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????.

??????????? ????????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ^[2]^[3] ??. ???. ??. ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????.

????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ( Tagore Baal Niketan Senior Secondary School) ???????????. ???? 1982 ??? ???????, ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????. ??????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? 1984 ??? ????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????????? 1986 ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? 1988 ??? ????? ????????.

??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? (NASA Ames Research Center) ????????? ????????, ?????. ( Overset Methods, Inc.) ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????, ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ^[2] [[CFD ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? (CFD) ????????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ??????????? (gliders) ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????.

?????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????? 1995 ???, ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. 1996 ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????. ???????? ???????? ???????? STS-87 ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? 19 ??? ????, 1997 ??? ????? ????? ???????????. 1984 ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????. ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???? 360 ??? ????? ???????????? ???????, 10.67 ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? 252 ??????? ???? ???????????. ????????? ???? ???????????? 372 ??????????????? ?????????????

STS-87 ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????, ?????????????????, ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????????.

STS-87?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????.

2000 ??? ???????, ?????? STS-107 ??? ????????? ??????????????????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????????. 2002 ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ( flow liners) ???????? ??????????????????? ????????????. ????? 16, 2003 ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????????????? STS-107 ?????????????? ???????????. ??????????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? (micro gravity) ???????? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? 80 ??????????? ????????????. ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

1991-1992 ??? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????.

????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????:

?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? (Congressional Space Medal of Honor)
???????? ??????????? ???????

(NASA Space Flight Medal)

???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? (NASA Distinguished Service Medal).

?????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????.

?????? ???? [ ???? ]

??????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (ISA) ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ' ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ' ????? ?????????????. ^[16]

?????????? ????? [ ???? ]

???? 19, 2001 ?? ?????????????????? 51826 ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????????. ???? ?????????? ????????? 159k ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? 16.5 ???????????.

??????????? ????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????, ???????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????????. ????? ?????? ?? (Chawla way) ????? ???????? ??????.
????????????? ??????????, ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? 74 ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????? ^[17]

????????? [ ???? ]

??????????????????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????????. ^[18]

????? [ ???? ]

???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????. ^[19]

?????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? 2004 ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ^[20]

???? ??????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

??????????? 51826 ?????? ?????? - ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????. ^[21]
???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????: ?? ???????? ???????? : ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????, ???? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ????????????. ^[22]

????????????? ????????? [ ???? ]

?????????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? (Kalpana Chawla Hall) ???? ???????? 2004 ??? ????? ??????????????. ??? ????????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????????????? ????????. ^[23]
??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????????. ^[24]
???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

???????? ????? [ ???? ]

???? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????? (The NASA Mars Exploration Rover mission) ???? ??????????????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????, ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????.

???????? ?????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ????????? (Indian Institute Of Technology) ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????????. ^[25]^[26]

2003-??? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ^[27]

?????????? 2020-??? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????. ^[28]

??? [ ???? ]

???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? '?????????? ?????' ???? ????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ?????????. ^[29]

??????? ??????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? "???? ?????? ???????????. ???? ?????????????. ??? ???? ??? ????????????????? ????????, ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????. ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????????????????" ???????. ^[30]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ "Tragedy of Space Shuttle Columbia" . Space Today . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-08 .
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 "Astronaut Biography, Kalpana Chawla" . Space.com. Archived from the original on 2003-01-17 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-02 .
↑ "India mourns space heroine" . CNN. Archived from the original on 2003-04-16 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-02 .
↑ "?????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????" . Archived from the original on 2013-03-02 . ????????????? ???? 2021-08-15 .
↑ "????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????" . Archived from the original on 2013-06-10 . ????????????? ???? 2021-08-29 .
↑ ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? - ?????? ??????, Ph.D.
↑ ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????
↑ "?????? ?????? STS-107 ???? ??????????" . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . ????????????? ???? 2009-07-14 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )
↑ "?????? ?????? -- ????? ????????" . Archived from the original on 2008-10-12 . ????????????? ???? 2009-07-14 .
↑ "??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ???????????" . Archived from the original on 2003-02-19 . ????????????? ???? 2003-02-19 .
↑ ??? ????????, ??? ????????? ??????????????
↑ "??????????? ????????, Dr. ?????? C . ??????, ???????? ?????" . Archived from the original on 2008-06-12 . ????????????? ???? 2009-07-14 .
↑ ?????? ?????????? ?????????????
↑ ?????????? ??????????? (odyssey)
↑ "???????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????" . Archived from the original on 2009-06-01 . ????????????? ???? 2009-07-14 .
↑ "Kalpana Chawla Memorial Scholarship" . UTEP. Archived from the original on 2011-10-02 . ????????????? ???? 2008-06-10 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )
↑ ?????? ?????? - ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? - ?????? 70
↑ http://ibnlive.in.com/news/planetarium-in-kalpana-chawlas-memory/36993-11.html ????????????? 2009-09-27 at the ??????? ????????? IBN News
↑ "NASA Names Supercomputer After Columbia Astronaut" . About.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-30 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-10 .
↑ "Kalpana Chawla Award instituted" . The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2004-07-13 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-10 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )
↑ "Tribute to the Crew of Columbia" . NASA JPL. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-10 .
↑ ??????, ???????; ?????? ??????: ???????? ????????: ?????? ??????? ; ?????? 24.
↑ "More about Kalpana Chawla Hall" . University of Texas at Arlington. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-10 .
↑ "Punjab Engineering College remembers Kalpana" . Archived from the original on 2006-08-27 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-10 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |pubgjflisher= ignored ( help )
↑ http://www.flickr.com/photos/ambuj/421069342/
↑ "???????????????????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2007-12-30 . ????????????? ???? 2009-07-14 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )
↑ ISRO METSAT Satellite Series Named After Columbia Astronaut Kalpana Chawla ^{[
??????????? ???????
]}
↑ ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????!
↑ HobbySpace - Space Music - Rock/Pop
↑ " 'COLUMBIA IS LOST' A Muse for Indian Women" . LA Times (reprint on IndianEmbassy.org) . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-02 .

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (?????? ????????)
?????? ?????? ????????????? 2020-11-19 at the ??????? ????????? (????? ????????)
?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????.????????? ????????? ???????
?????? ????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????????????? 2010-03-25 at the ??????? ????????? at yezhuththu

[1] "Tragedy of Space Shuttle Columbia" . Space Today . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-08 .

[chawlabio-2] 2.0 ^2.1 "Astronaut Biography, Kalpana Chawla" . Space.com. Archived from the original on 2003-01-17 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-02 .

[3] "India mourns space heroine" . CNN. Archived from the original on 2003-04-16 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-02 .

[4] "?????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????" . Archived from the original on 2013-03-02 . ????????????? ???? 2021-08-15 .

[5] "????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????" . Archived from the original on 2013-06-10 . ????????????? ???? 2021-08-29 .

[6] ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? - ?????? ??????, Ph.D.

[7] ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????

[8] "?????? ?????? STS-107 ???? ??????????" . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . ????????????? ???? 2009-07-14 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )

[9] "?????? ?????? -- ????? ????????" . Archived from the original on 2008-10-12 . ????????????? ???? 2009-07-14 .

[10] "??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ???????????" . Archived from the original on 2003-02-19 . ????????????? ???? 2003-02-19 .

[11] ??? ????????, ??? ????????? ??????????????

[12] "??????????? ????????, Dr. ?????? C . ??????, ???????? ?????" . Archived from the original on 2008-06-12 . ????????????? ???? 2009-07-14 .

[13] ?????? ?????????? ?????????????

[14] ?????????? ??????????? (odyssey)

[15] "???????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????" . Archived from the original on 2009-06-01 . ????????????? ???? 2009-07-14 .

[16] "Kalpana Chawla Memorial Scholarship" . UTEP. Archived from the original on 2011-10-02 . ????????????? ???? 2008-06-10 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )

[17] ?????? ?????? - ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? - ?????? 70

[18] ttp://ibnlive.in.com/news/planetarium-in-kalpana-chawlas-memory/36993-11.html ????????????? 2009-09-27 at the ??????? ????????? IBN News

[19] "NASA Names Supercomputer After Columbia Astronaut" . About.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-30 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-10 .

[20] "Kalpana Chawla Award instituted" . The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2004-07-13 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-10 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )

[21] "Tribute to the Crew of Columbia" . NASA JPL. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-10 .

[22] ??????, ???????; ?????? ??????: ???????? ????????: ?????? ??????? ; ?????? 24.

[23] "More about Kalpana Chawla Hall" . University of Texas at Arlington. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-10 .

[24] "Punjab Engineering College remembers Kalpana" . Archived from the original on 2006-08-27 . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-10 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |pubgjflisher= ignored ( help )

[25] ttp://www.flickr.com/photos/ambuj/421069342/

[26] "???????????????????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2007-12-30 . ????????????? ???? 2009-07-14 . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |= ignored ( help )

[27] ISRO METSAT Satellite Series Named After Columbia Astronaut Kalpana Chawla ^{[
??????????? ???????
]}

[28] ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????!

[29] HobbySpace - Space Music - Rock/Pop

[30] " 'COLUMBIA IS LOST' A Muse for Indian Women" . LA Times (reprint on IndianEmbassy.org) . ????????????? ???? 2007-06-02 .

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