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??????? ???? ( Battle of Karna l) (24 ???????? 1739) [1] ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. [2] ?????????? ????????????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????. [3] [4] [5] ??????????? ?????????? ?????? 110 ??????????? (68 ????) ???????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????.

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?????????? ??????? 110 ??.?? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? 55,000 ????????????, ???????????? ???????? ?????? 15,000 ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????????, 20,000?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????????. ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????????.

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?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? 1,000 ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????. ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????. ????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ("??????? ???") ??????? ?????-?? ???? ("??? ????") ???????????? ????????. ?????????????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? 700 ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????????????????. ??? ????????? 90 ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? 21 ??? ???????????? ??????????? 8.2 ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????

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?????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? [??????? ??????.

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???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????????????, ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????. ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????????????. ??????????????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????????. [6]

?????????? ???????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????????, ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? I ????????-???????? ???? (1743-1746) ???????????. ????? ???????? ?? 1748 ??? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????. [7] ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????. [8]

????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????????????? ????????????????? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????. [8]

?????? ????? [ ???? ]

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. "INDIA vii. RELATIONS: THE AFSHARID AND ZAND ? Encyclopaedia Iranica" . iranicaonline.org . ????????????? ???? 16 November 2015 .
  2. Sarkar, Jagadish Narayan. A Study of Eighteenth Century India: Political history, 1707?1761 Saraswat Library, 1976. (Volume 1 of A) original from the ????????? ????????????? . p 115
  3. Axworthy, Michael (2009). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant , p. 254. I. B. Tauris
  4. Quoted in Christopher Bellamy, The Evolution of Modern Land Warfare: Theory and Practice (London, 1990), 214.
  5. Moghtader, Gholam-Hussein(2008). The Great Batlles of Nader Shah. Donyaye Ketab
  6. Axworthy, Michael, "Iran: Empire of the Mind", Penguin Books, 2007. p158
  7. Naimur Rahman Farooqi (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556?1748 . Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli . ????????????? ???? 6 April 2012 .
  8. 8.0 8.1 Axworthy p.xvi

??????? [ ???? ]

  • Axworthy, Michael , "The Sword of Persia; Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant", I B Tauris, 2009.
  • Cust, Edward, Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century , Gilbert & Rivington Printers:London, 1862.
  • Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History , 4th Ed., HarperCollinsPublishers, 1993.
  • Mohammad Kazem Marvi Yazdi, Rare views of the world 3 vols., Ed Amin Riahi, Tehran, Third Edition, 1374

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