?????????

????????? ( Black Hole ) ?????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ??????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ???????????? ??? ???????????. ???? ??????????? ????? ??????????? (event horizon) ?????????. ???? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ???????????? ????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????????????. ???????? ?? ???? , ?????????? ????????. ????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ( mass ) ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????.

?????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ???? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????????. ????????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????????. ???????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????.

??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? 1783 ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??. ???? ??????? (John Michell) ??????? ????????????. 1795 ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????-????? ?????????? (Pierre-Simon Laplace) ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? 1916 ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????.

?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????, ????????? ?????? ????? ???????????????? (singularity) ????? ????????? ???????????, ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????????????? ??????????? ??? ????, ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????????. ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????, ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????.

?????? [ ???? ]

???? ??????? ????? ?????????? 1783-4 ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????????. ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ???????????. ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? 500 ???????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????????????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????. ^[3]^[4]^[5] ?????, ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????.

?????? ????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ????????????? 1915??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????. ??? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????. ????????? ???????? ????????, ????? ???????????????? ???? ?????? ????????????. ^[6] ???????????????????? ??? ???????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ^[7]^[8] ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????. ????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ??????. ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ??????????????? ????? ??????? ????????????. ???????? ???????? 1924 ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????. ?????????? ????????? 1933 ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????? ?? ????????????. ^[9]> ???????? ???????? ????? 1926 ??? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????. ????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????????. ???????, "250 ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ????????. ?????????, ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????, ??????????? ?????????? ????????????,. ???????? ?????? ??????? ???, ???????. ??????????, ?????????? ????????? ?????????????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????. ??????????, ?????????, ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????." ^[10]^[11]

????????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? [ ???? ]

??????????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ??? ????????. ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????.
????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????????. ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????.
??????????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????. ???????? ??????????? ???? ????????. ^[12]

??? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????. ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????????. ???? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????????.

??? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????, ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ????????. ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????. ????????, ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????.

????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????: ??????, ????????????? ??????? ??????????????. ????????????? ???????? ?????????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ?????????????. ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????.

?????? ????? ????????? ????????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? 5.5 ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? 87 ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? 26,000 ????????????????? ???? ??????????A* ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? 2019 ??? ????? ?????? 10 ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????????. M87 ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? 87 ??? ????????? ???????????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? 650 ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ??????????A* ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ^[13] ???????????????????? ????????? 12 ???????? ??????????????????, 200-?????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???. ???????? ????????????. ^[14] 29 ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????. ^[15]

????????? ??????????????????????? ????? ????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????, ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????, ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? 2020 ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????????????????. ^[16]^[17]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ Kraus, Ute (2005-03-20). "Step by Step into a Black Hole" .
↑ "Ripped Apart by a Black Hole" . ESO Press Release . http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1332/ . ??????? ????: 19 July 2013 .
↑ John Michell (1784). "On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 74 (0): 35?57. doi : 10.1098/rstl.1784.0008 . Bibcode: 1784RSPT...74...35M .
↑ Montgomery, Colin; Orchiston, Wayne; Whittingham, Ian (2009). "Michell, Laplace and the origin of the black hole concept" . Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 12 : 90?96. 2009JAHH...12...90M . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JAHH...12...90Mar . ??????? ????: 2016-07-08 .
↑ Thorne 1994 , ?. 123?124
↑ Karl Schwarzschild (1916). "Uber das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie" . Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 7 : 189?196 . https://archive.org/stream/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch#page/188/mode/2up . and Karl Schwarzschild (1916). "Uber das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flussigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie" . Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 18 : 424?434 . https://archive.org/stream/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch#page/424/mode/2up .
↑ Droste, J. (1917). "On the field of a single centre in Einstein's theory of gravitation, and the motion of a particle in that field" . Proceedings Royal Academy Amsterdam 19 (1): 197?215 . http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012325.pdf .
↑ Kox, A. J. (1992). "General Relativity in the Netherlands: 1915?1920" . In Eisenstaedt, J.; Kox, A. J. (eds.). Studies in the history of general relativity . Birkhauser. p. 41. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-8176-3479-7 .
↑ Gerard 't Hooft (2009). Introduction to the Theory of Black Holes . Institute for Theoretical Physics / Spinoza Institute. ???. 47?48 . http://www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/lectures/blackholes/BH_lecturenotes.pdf .
↑ Eddington, Arthur (1926). The Internal Constitution of the Stars . Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
↑ > Kip Thorne comments on this quote on pages 134-135 of his book Black Holes and Time Warps , writing that "The first conclusion was the Newtonian version of light not escaping; the second was a semi-accurate, relativistic description; and the third was typical Eddingtonian hyperbole ... when a star is as small as the critical circumference, the curvature is strong but not infinite, and space is definitely not wrapped around the star. Eddington may have known this, but his description made a good story, and it captured in a whimsical way the spirit of Schwarzschild's spacetime curvature."
↑ The diagrams here are effectively Finkelstein diagrams using an advanced time parameter. Compare to ( Hawking & Ellis 1973 , figure 23ii) .
↑ "???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????.. ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????" . ????? ????? ????. 11 ?????? 2019 . ????????????? ???? 11 ?????? 2019 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= ( help )
↑ "?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????" . ???? ????. 11 ?????? 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-11 . ????????????? ???? 11 ?????? 2019 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= ( help )
↑ "Katie Bouman: The woman behind the first black hole image" . ?????? . ????????????? ???? ?????? 12, 2019 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )
↑ The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020
↑ ????? ???????? ???? ?????????!

?????? ?????? [ ???? ]

Ferguson, Kitty (1991). Black Holes in Space-Time . Watts Franklin. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-531-12524-6 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Hawking, Stephen (1988). A Brief History of Time . Bantam Books, Inc. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-553-38016-8 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Hawking, Stephen ; Penrose, Roger (1996). The Nature of Space and Time . Princeton University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-691-03791-4 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Melia, Fulvio (2003). The Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy . Princeton U Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-691-09505-9 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Melia, Fulvio (2003). The Edge of Infinity. Supermassive Black Holes in the Universe . Cambridge U Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-521-81405-8 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Pickover, Clifford (1998). Black Holes: A Traveler's Guide . Wiley, John & Sons, Inc. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-471-19704-1 .
Thorne, Kip S. (1994). Black Holes and Time Warps . Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-393-31276-3 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Wheeler, J. Craig (2007). Cosmic Catastrophes (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-85714-7 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )

????????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? [ ???? ]

Carroll, Sean M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry . Addison Wesley. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-8053-8732-3 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help ) , the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's website .
Carter, B. (1973). "Black hole equilibrium states". In DeWitt, B. S. ; DeWitt, C. (eds.). Black Holes . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan (1999). Mathematical Theory of Black Holes . Oxford University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-19-850370-9 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Frolov, V. P.; Novikov, I. D. (1998). Black hole physics . https://archive.org/details/blackholephysics0000frol .
Frolov, Valeri P.; Zelnikov, Andrei (2011). Introduction to Black Hole Physics . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-19-969229-3 . Zbl 1234.83001 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Hawking, S. W. ; Ellis, G. F. R. (1973). Large Scale Structure of space time . Cambridge University Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-09906-4 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Melia, Fulvio (2007). The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole . Princeton U Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-691-13129-0 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Misner, Charles ; Thorne, Kip S. ; Wheeler, John (1973). Gravitation . W. H. Freeman and Company. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7167-0344-0 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Taylor, Edwin F.; Wheeler, John Archibald (2000). Exploring Black Holes . Addison Wesley Longman. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-201-38423-X . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Wald, Robert M. (1984). General Relativity . University of Chicago Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-226-87033-5 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Wald, Robert M. (1992). Space, Time, and Gravity: The Theory of the Big Bang and Black Holes . University of Chicago Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-226-87029-4 . {{ cite book }}: Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
Black holes Teviet Creighton, Richard H. Price ?????????????????? 3(1):4277. ???? : 10.4249/scholarpedia.4277

?????????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

Gallo, Elena; Marolf, Donald (2009). "Resource Letter BH-2: Black Holes". American Journal of Physics 77 (4): 294. doi : 10.1119/1.3056569 . Bibcode: 2009AmJPh..77..294G .
Hughes, Scott A. (2005). "Trust but verify: The case for astrophysical black holes". arXiv : hep-ph/0511217 . Lecture notes from 2005 SLAC Summer Institute.

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

Black Holes - In Our Time ??.??.??.???? . ( listen now )
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy : " Singularities and Black Holes " by Erik Curiel and Peter Bokulich.
Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull ?Interactive multimedia Web site about the physics and astronomy of black holes from the Space Telescope Science Institute
ESA 's Black Hole Visualization ????????????? 2019-05-03 at the ??????? ?????????
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Black Holes
" Schwarzschild Geometry "
Hubble site

Videos

[1] Kraus, Ute (2005-03-20). "Step by Step into a Black Hole" .

[2] "Ripped Apart by a Black Hole" . ESO Press Release . http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1332/ . ??????? ????: 19 July 2013 .

[3] John Michell (1784). "On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude, &c. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of Their Light, in Case Such a Diminution Should be Found to Take Place in any of Them, and Such Other Data Should be Procured from Observations, as Would be Farther Necessary for That Purpose". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 74 (0): 35?57. doi : 10.1098/rstl.1784.0008 . Bibcode: 1784RSPT...74...35M .

[origin-4] Montgomery, Colin; Orchiston, Wayne; Whittingham, Ian (2009). "Michell, Laplace and the origin of the black hole concept" . Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 12 : 90?96. 2009JAHH...12...90M . http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JAHH...12...90Mar . ??????? ????: 2016-07-08 .

[thorne_123_124-5] Thorne 1994 , ?. 123?124

[Schwarzschild1916-6] Karl Schwarzschild (1916). "Uber das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie" . Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 7 : 189?196 . https://archive.org/stream/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch#page/188/mode/2up . and Karl Schwarzschild (1916). "Uber das Gravitationsfeld einer Kugel aus inkompressibler Flussigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie" . Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 18 : 424?434 . https://archive.org/stream/sitzungsberichte1916deutsch#page/424/mode/2up .

[7] Droste, J. (1917). "On the field of a single centre in Einstein's theory of gravitation, and the motion of a particle in that field" . Proceedings Royal Academy Amsterdam 19 (1): 197?215 . http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/publications/PU00012325.pdf .

[8] Kox, A. J. (1992). "General Relativity in the Netherlands: 1915?1920" . In Eisenstaedt, J.; Kox, A. J. (eds.). Studies in the history of general relativity . Birkhauser. p. 41. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-8176-3479-7 .

[HooftHist-9] Gerard 't Hooft (2009). Introduction to the Theory of Black Holes . Institute for Theoretical Physics / Spinoza Institute. ???. 47?48 . http://www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/lectures/blackholes/BH_lecturenotes.pdf .

[eddington1926-10] Eddington, Arthur (1926). The Internal Constitution of the Stars . Cambridge University Press. p. 6.

[11] > Kip Thorne comments on this quote on pages 134-135 of his book Black Holes and Time Warps , writing that "The first conclusion was the Newtonian version of light not escaping; the second was a semi-accurate, relativistic description; and the third was typical Eddingtonian hyperbole ... when a star is as small as the critical circumference, the curvature is strong but not infinite, and space is definitely not wrapped around the star. Eddington may have known this, but his description made a good story, and it captured in a whimsical way the spirit of Schwarzschild's spacetime curvature."

[12] The diagrams here are effectively Finkelstein diagrams using an advanced time parameter. Compare to ( Hawking & Ellis 1973 , figure 23ii) .

[13] "???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????.. ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????" . ????? ????? ????. 11 ?????? 2019 . ????????????? ???? 11 ?????? 2019 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= ( help )

[14] "?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????" . ???? ????. 11 ?????? 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-04-11 . ????????????? ???? 11 ?????? 2019 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= ( help )

[15] "Katie Bouman: The woman behind the first black hole image" . ?????? . ????????????? ???? ?????? 12, 2019 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )

[16] The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020

[17] ????? ???????? ???? ?????????!

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[17]