???? ????

???? ???? ( Hard water ) ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????. ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????????. ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? , ???????????? ?????????? , ???? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? , ???? ???????? , ????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ^[1]^[2]^[3]

??????????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ "Hard water" . National Groundwater Association . ????????????? ???? 28 June 2019 .
↑ World Health Organization Hardness in Drinking-Water ????????????? 2021-11-05 at the ??????? ????????? , 2003
↑ "Map showing the rate of hardness in mg/L as Calcium carbonate in England and Wales" (PDF) . DEFRA/ Drinking Water Inspectorate. 2009.

[1] "Hard water" . National Groundwater Association . ????????????? ???? 28 June 2019 .

[who-2] World Health Organization Hardness in Drinking-Water ????????????? 2021-11-05 at the ??????? ????????? , 2003

[DEFRA-3] "Map showing the rate of hardness in mg/L as Calcium carbonate in England and Wales" (PDF) . DEFRA/ Drinking Water Inspectorate. 2009.

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