???? ?????

???????????, ?????? ????, ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????

????????? (seawall) ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ???????, ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ^[1] ???? ????? ??????? ?????????????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ^[2]

??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ????, ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????. ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ???????? , ??????, ??????????? ????????????. ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????. ^[3]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ Kamphuis, W J. (2010) Introduction to Coastal Engineering and Management. World Scientific Publishing Co Ltd. Singapore.
↑ Shipman, Brian; Stojanovic, Tim (2007), "Facts, Fictions, and Failures of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe", Coastal Management , 35 (2?3): 375?398, ?????? ????? ?????? : 10.1080/08920750601169659 , S2CID 153826622
↑ ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????????

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????.

Channel Coastal Observatory ? Seawalls ????????????? 2018-12-14 at the ??????? ?????????
Seawalls and defences on the Isle of Wight ????????????? 2021-10-09 at the ??????? ?????????
MEDUS (Maritime Engineering Division University Salerno) ????????????? 2011-07-22 at the ??????? ?????????
"Japan may rethink seawalls after tsunami", New York Times, March 14, 2011
General overview of residential and small commercial steel seawall construction

[1] Kamphuis, W J. (2010) Introduction to Coastal Engineering and Management. World Scientific Publishing Co Ltd. Singapore.

[2] Shipman, Brian; Stojanovic, Tim (2007), "Facts, Fictions, and Failures of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe", Coastal Management , 35 (2?3): 375?398, ?????? ????? ?????? : 10.1080/08920750601169659 , S2CID 153826622

[3] ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????????

[1]

[2]

[3]