??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????.
????????? ???
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Map of the Helmand River drainage basin
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,
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⁃ ?????
| ????? ?????
??????????
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????????????
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⁃ ?????
| ?????? ???
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| 1,150 km (710 mi)
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?????? ????????????????
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⁃ ????
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(
Helmand River
)
?????????
,
??????????
??????? ???????????????? ???
???????????????
??? ?????? ?????,
??????????
?????.
[1]
???
?????? ???????????
????????? ????????? ????
????? ?????
???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????. ?????|?????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????. ??? ???????????????????
???????????
???????? ????????? ????
?????? ???????
?????????.
????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???? ???, ??????????????????? ???? ?????? ????????????????????. ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????. ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ??????.
[2]
???? ???? ??????????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????. ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ??????, ??????? ???????????
?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????
???? ???????????????? ????????????.
???????
??????? ???
????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????????. ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????. (
31°27′N
64°23′E
/
31.450°N 64.383°E
/
31.450; 64.383
),
???????????????
?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????.
??????
[
????
]
??????????????????
????? ?????
???????????
(
??????????
1:13) ???? ??????
?????????
?? ?????????????????????. ??? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ??????????
?????
????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????????, ???? ????? ??????????????? ???????????????, ???? ????? ??????????????? ???????????????, ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????
????????????
??????????? ????????,
??????????????
??? "??????-???????" ????? ????????? ???????????.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
?????????
[
????
]
???????????
[
????
]
- Various authors "
HELMAND RIVER
".
Encyclopædia Iranica
(Online). United States: Columbia University.
- Frye, Richard N. (1963).
The Heritage of Persia
. World Publishing company, Cleveland, Ohio. Mentor Book edition, 1966.
- Toynbee, Arnold J. (1961).
Between Oxus and Jumna
. London. Oxford University Press.
- Vogelsang, W. (1985). "Early historical Arachosia in South-east Afghanistan; Meeting-place between East and West."
Iranica antiqua
, 20 (1985), pp. 55?99.
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]
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