????? ?????????? ?????:Pennsylvanian - Holocene 312?0  Ma Pre? ? O S D C P T J K Pg N
???????????: ????? ??? ( Chelonia mydas ), ???????????? ( Sphenodon punctatus ), ???? ????? ( Crocodylus niloticus ),??????? Sinai Agama ( Pseudotrapelus sinaitus ).
???????? ?????????
???? :	???????
?????? :	??????????
??????????? :	Sauropsida
??????? :	{{{1}}} Laurenti , 1768
Extant subgroups
Anapsida (= Parareptilia ?) Testudines (traditional) Eureptilia Saurischia (only ???? is extant) Crocodilia Sphenodontia ????????? ????? Testudines ( molecular ) For extinct orders, see text

????? (Reptile) ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ??????.

??????? ???????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

??? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ( Tortoises ) ?????? ???????????? ( Testudinidae ) ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????????. ??????? ???? ????? ???????????????? ???? ????? ??????????????????? ????????????. ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????????. ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????. ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????. ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????.

?????? [ ???? ]

?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????. ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? . ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??????? 2,700?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????????? ???????????????? . ???????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? (< 1% ). ?????????????? ???? ?????? (???????????), ???????????? ??????? ???????????????? . ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????.

????? [ ???? ]

????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????. ??? ???????? , ??????????? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ??????????? , ????? , ????????? , ??????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????. ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????. ^{[ ?????? ???? ]} ???? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????, ????????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????.

?????????????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ( Lacertilia ) ???? ???? ????????????? ????, ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ???? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????????. ????????? ????????? ???????????? , ?????? 3800 ???????????? ??????????????????? ^[1] .

????? [ ???? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??? ?????? 360° (????) ????????? ????????. ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????.

??????? [ ???? ]

?????????? (Monitor lizard) ????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? , ??????? 20 ????????????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? , ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????. ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????, ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? -????????????? ?????. ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????, ??????? ?????? ??????????? ( Varanus bitatawa ) , ?????? ??????? ( Varanus mabitang ) ??????? ?????? ?????????? ( Varanus olivaceus ) ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????. ^{[2] [3]} ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????. 7 ???????? 37 ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????????. ^[4] ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? (Varanus) ?????.

???????????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ( Tuatara ) ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???????????? ????? , ????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ????????????, ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????. ^{[5] [6]} 200 ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????. ^[6] ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ( Squamata ) ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ??????? , ??????????? , ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????. ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????. ^[7] ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????????.

?????? [ ???? ]

?????? (Dinosaur, ??????? ( ????? ) ?????? ??????? 230 ????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? 160 ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ??? ??????? 65 ????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????, ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? (???????: ???????? ?????? .) ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????, ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????.

???????? ????????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????. 1996-?? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ???. ^[8]

??????????? [ ???? ]

1. ↑ Lizards at eduscape.com
2. ↑ Greene, Harry W. (1986). Diet and Arboreality in the Emerald Monitor, Varanus Prasinus, With Comments on the Study of Adaptation . Field Museum of Natural History. ??????????? ?????????? ???   9998057760 .
3. ↑ Zipcodezoo.com
4. ↑ Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians . San Diego: Academic Press. pp.  157 ?159. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-12-178560-2 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list ( link )
5. ↑ "Tuatara" . New Zealand Ecology: Living Fossils . TerraNature . 2004 . ????????????? ???? 10 ??????? 2006 .
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1} "Facts about tuatara" . Conservation: Native Species . Threatened Species Unit, Department of Conservation, Government of New Zealand . ????????????? ???? 10 ???????? 2007 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |accessdate= ( help )
7. ↑ Lutz, Dick (2005). Tuatara: A Living Fossil . Salem, Oregon: DIMI PRESS. ??????????? ?????????? ??? : 0-931625-43-2  
8. ↑ Laurin, M. and Gauthier, J.A. (1996). "Amniota. Mammals, reptiles (turtles, lizards, Sphenodon, crocodiles, birds) and their extinct relatives." Version 1 ????? 1996. http://tolweb.org/Amniota/14990/1996.01.01 ????????????? 2008-04-02 at the ??????? ????????? in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/