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??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????.
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Nicholas II
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???????????? 1 ??????? 1894 ? 15 ?????? 1917
????????? 26 ?? 1896
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??????? 18 ?? [ ???? ?????????? 6 ??] 1868
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?????? 17 ???? 1918 ( 1918-07-17 ) (???? 50)
????????????? ??????, ????????????????? , ?????? ??????? ????????
??????? ???? 17 ???? 1998
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??????? ????????????? ??????????? (??????? ?????? ???????) (26 ??????? 1894)
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????????? இரண்டாம் நிக்கலாசு Nicholas II's signature

???????? ????????? ( Nicholas II ?????? ?????????? II ????????????????? ???????? ( Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov , ???????? : Никола?й II Алекса?ндрович Рома?нов ; (18 ?? [ ???? ?????????? 6 ??] 1868 ? 17 ???? 1918), ?????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? : Свято?й страстоте?рпец Никола?й ) ?? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? 1894 ??????? 1 ????? 1917 ?????? 15 ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????. ??????? ???????????????????? ???? ??? ????????, ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????, ???????-?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? "??????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ??? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ?????????????, ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????" ?????????. [1]

????????, ????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????, ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????, ????? ????? ?????????????????? (????) ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ?????, ???????????? ?????? ??????????, 1905 ????? ?????? , 1905 ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????-?????????? ???? (1904-1905) ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????????????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????????, ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????.

???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????????. 1913 ???????? ???????: (?????????? ?????): ?????, ?????, ???????? ?????????, ????????????? ???????????, ????????????, ???????, ???????????.

????????? 1907 ??? ??????? ???????-?????? ????????????? ????????????????, ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????????. ???? ?????????? ??????????, 1914 ???? 30 ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ???????????? ??????, ??????? 1914 ?????? 1 ??? ??????? ??????, ?????? 3 ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????, [2] ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? 1917 ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????. ????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????????. ????????? ???? ?????????. ??????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? 1918 ???? 17 ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????. [3]

??????????? ????????? [ ???? ]

1981 ??? ???????, ?????????, ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????????????. [4] 1991 ??? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????, ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? 1998 ???? 17 ????? ???? ??????????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????. [5] 2000 ??? ????? ?????? 15 ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????. [6] [7]

??????????? ????????? [ ???? ]

  • ????????????? ???????????, ???? (1872-1918, ???? 46)
  • ????? ?????????????, ?????? (1895-1918, ???? 23)
  • ????????? ?????????????, ?????? (1897-1918, ???? 21)
  • ????? ?????????????, ?????? (1899-1918, ???? 19)
  • ?????????? ?????????????, ?????? (1901-1918, ???? 17)
  • ??????? ???????????, ??????? (1904-1918, ???? 14)

?????? [ ???? ]

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ Martin Vennard (27 June 2012), Tsar Nicholas ? exhibits from an execution , BBC News , ????????????? ???? 3 April 2017
  2. ↑ "World War I Declarations" . The Library of Congress . ????????????? ???? 5 September 2019 .
  3. ↑ [ ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????
  4. ↑ A Reader's Guide to Orthodox Icons The Icons that Canonized the Holy Royal Martyrs
  5. ↑ http://churchmotherofgod.org/orthodox-terminology/glossary-p/495-passion-bearer.html "Orthodox Terminology", Church of the Mother of God]. Churchmotherofgod.org. Retrieved on 5 December 2018.
  6. ↑ New York Times (2000) Nicholas II And Family Canonized For Passion
  7. ↑ A Reader's Guide to Orthodox Icons The Icons that Canonized the Holy Royal Martyrs
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 ?????????????? ?????????????????? Alexander III, Emperor of Russia
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Christian IX" . The Danish Monarchy. Archived from the original on 3 April 2005 . ????????????? ???? 14 July 2018 .
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 ?????????????? ?????????????????? Alexander II, Emperor of Russia
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Zeepvat, Charlotte. Heiligenberg: Our Ardently Loved Hill . Published in Royalty Digest . No 49. July 1995.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Vammen, Tinne (15 May 2003). " Louise (1817?1898) ". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon .  
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1   Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). " Nicholas I. ". ?????????????? ?????????????? (11th) 19 . Cambridge University Press.  
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Barkovets, 1=Olga; Vernova, Nina (2008). Empress Alexandra Fiodorovna . Abris Art Publishers. p. 8. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-5-88810-089-9 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link )
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Philipp Walther (1884), " Ludwig II., Großherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein ", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in ???????), vol. 19, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 557?559
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Badische Biographien . Vol. 1. 1875. pp. 18?19.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Louda, Ji?i; Maclagan, Michael (1999). Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe . London: Little, Brown. table 20. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-85605-469-0 .
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 McNaughton, C. Arnold (1973). The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy, in 3 volumes . Vol. 1. London: Garnstone Press. p. 171.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lesser, Joh. " Vilhelm, Landgreve af Hessen-Kassel ". Dansk biografisk Lexikon XVIII .  
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Thorsøe, A. " Charlotte (Louise C.) ". Dansk biografisk Lexikon III .  

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