????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????

???????? ???? ( Book of the Dead , ???????? ???? : ?????????????????????????????????? ) ??????, ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? 1550 ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? 50 ??? ???????????? ????????. ^[1] ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ?? ????????????? rw nw prt m hrw ^[2] ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? "rw nw prt m hrw" ??????????. ????? "prt m hrw" ^[3] ?????? "???? ?????? ???????" ??????? ?????? ???????????. "rw nw" ?????? "???? ???????????" ?????? "???? ????" ????? ???????????????????. ???? ??? "????? ??????????? ???? ???????????" ?????? "????? ??????????? ???? ????" ^[4] ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????, ????? ??????????????? ??????????????, ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????. ???? ????, ?????? ?????????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? , ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ???? 3 ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? 11 - 7 ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????. ???? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????.

"???????? ????" ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????, ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????. ?????, ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ???? ?????????. ???????? "???????? ???????" ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????.

???????? [ ???? ]

??????? ?????? [ ???? ]

"???????? ????", ????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????. ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???, ???? 2400 ?????????????? ??????? 5 ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????. ^[5] ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????. ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???, 6 ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????????? ????????????. ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????. ?????????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????. ???, ???????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ^[6] ??????? ???????? ???????, ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? " ??? " ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????????. ???, ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? "???????? ????" ?????????? ???????. ^[6] ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ???????????????, ???? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??????? ????? [ ???? ]

• Allen, James P., Middle Egyptian - An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs , first edition, Cambridge University Press, 2000. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-521-77483-7
• Allen, Thomas George, The Egyptian Book of the Dead: Documents in the Oriental Institute Museum at the University of Chicago . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1960.
• Allen, Thomas George, The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day. Ideas of the Ancient Egyptians Concerning the Hereafter as Expressed in Their Own Terms, SAOC vol. 37; University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1974.
• Budge, E.A. Wallis, The Egyptian Book of the Dead, (The Papyrus of Ani), Egyptian Text, Transliteration, and Translation .
• D'Auria, S ( et al. ) Mummies and Magic: the Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt . Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1989. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-87846-307-0
• Faulkner, Raymond O; Andrews, Carol (editor), The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead . University of Texas Press, Austin, 1972.
• Faulkner, Raymond O (translator); von Dassow, Eva (editor), The Egyptian Book of the Dead, The Book of Going forth by Day. The First Authentic Presentation of the Complete Papyrus of Ani . Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 1994.
• Hornung, Erik; Lorton, D (translator), The Ancient Egyptian books of the Afterlife . Cornell University Press, 1999. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-8014-8515-0
• Lapp, G, The Papyrus of Nu (Catalogue of Books of the Dead in the British Museum) . British Museum Press, London, 1997.
• Niwinski, Andrzej, Studies on the Illustrated Theban Funerary Papyri of the 11th and 10th Centuries B.C. . OBO vol. 86; Universitatsverlag, Freiburg, 1989.
• Pinch, Geraldine, Magic in Ancient Egypt . British Museum Press, London, 1994. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-7141-0797-1   ??????? ISBN
• Taylor, John H. (Editor), Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead: Journey through the afterlife . British Museum Press, London, 2010. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-7141-1993-9

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ???????????? ,
???????? ????
???????? ???????? ?????.

• The Mummy Chamber ?????????? ??????????????? Exhibit
• Das altagyptische Totenbuch - ein digitales Textzeugenarchiv Complete digital archive of all witnesses for the Book of the Dead (with descriptions of the (c. 3000) objects and (c. 20,000) images)
• Online Readable Text , with several images and reproductions of Egyptian papyri
• Papyrus of Hunefer , with many scenes and their formula English translations, from the copy now in the British Museum
• Video: British Museum curator introduces the Book of the Dead