??????? ???

??????? ??? ( Irtysh River , ??????????? : Эрчис м?р?н , ????????? ????? , ^[1] "erchleh", "twirl"; ???????? : Иртыш ; ???????? ???? : Ерт?с , Ertis, ?????? ‎ ; ??? :???斯河, ???????? : E'?rqis? he, ??????????: ????????? ??; ??????? : ??????, ?ртиш, ???????; ???? : ???????? Иртеш, ??????? ?????, ???? ??????, ??????? ????: Эй?ртеш, ????????? ') ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????.

???? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? (???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????) ?????????? ????????? ??????.

??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???, ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????. ???-??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????, ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????.

???????? [ ???? ]

????-??????? (????? ???????, ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????) ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ???????????? ??????- ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????.

??????? ??????? (????? ???????? ????-??????? , ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ) ???? ????? ??? ???????????????, ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ???? ????????, ???? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????????; ^[2] ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????.

????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

????????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? , ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????.

???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????, ??? ????????, ?????- ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ??? , 42 ?????????? (138 ???) ???????? ?????????. ??? , ?????-??????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ^[3] ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????.

????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????: ???????????? (可可托海) ??? ( 47°10′51″N 89°42′35″E / 47.18083°N 89.70972°E / 47.18083; 89.70972 ), ??????? (喀?塑克) ??? ( 47°08′14″N 88°53′15″E / 47.13722°N 88.88750°E / 47.13722; 88.88750 ), ^[4]^[5] ??????? ??????? 635 ??? ??????????. ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? .

1960 ??? ??????? 1970 ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? (??????? ?????) ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????. ^[6] ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ?????????, 1962 ??????? 1974 ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????-???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????????????? , ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ????????????? ????????????. 2002 ??? ???????, ???????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????-???????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ The Secret History of the Mongols
↑ Abramof 1865 , and the map before p. 65.
↑ "Waterways World: Latest" . Archived from the original on 2011-07-26 . ????????????? ???? 2019-11-06 .
↑ "Xinjiang Kalasuke 140MW Hydroelectric Project" .
↑ 考察????家考察在建的喀?塑克水利??工程 (A group of experts visits the Kalasuke Dam), 2010-08-05
↑ Skornyakova, V. A.; Timasheva, I. Ye. (1980), "The possible environmental impact of the anti-Irtysh and problems of rational nature management", Soviet Geography , pp. 638?644, ?????? ????? ?????? : 10.1080/00385417.1980.10640361 {{ citation }}: Missing or empty |url= ( help )

[1] The Secret History of the Mongols

[2] Abramof 1865 , and the map before p. 65.

[3] "Waterways World: Latest" . Archived from the original on 2011-07-26 . ????????????? ???? 2019-11-06 .

[4] "Xinjiang Kalasuke 140MW Hydroelectric Project" .

[5] 考察????家考察在建的喀?塑克水利??工程 (A group of experts visits the Kalasuke Dam), 2010-08-05

[6] Skornyakova, V. A.; Timasheva, I. Ye. (1980), "The possible environmental impact of the anti-Irtysh and problems of rational nature management", Soviet Geography , pp. 638?644, ?????? ????? ?????? : 10.1080/00385417.1980.10640361 {{ citation }}: Missing or empty |url= ( help )

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