????????

???????? (Indium) ?????? In ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? . ??? ??? 49 ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????????. ???? ?????????? ????????????? 0.21 ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????. ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????. ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ^[1]. 1863 ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????????. ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????. 1864 ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????????.

???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????. ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????, ?????????? ???? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??? ??????????????. ???????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????.

???????? [ ???? ]

????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ^[2]. ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? 1.2 ?????. ????????? ??????????? 13 ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? "???"??????? ?????? (???????: ????????? ).???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????. ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? 156.60 ° ????????? ???? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ^[3]. ???????????? ?????????? 2072 ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????. ???????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ^[4].

7.31 ??????/??.??3 ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????. 3.41 ???????? ???? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????. ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? I4/??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????. (a = 325 ?????????????, c = 495 ?????????????) ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? 324 ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????, 336 ????????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ^[5].

??????? ?????????? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????????. ???? ????????? 4.41×10 ¹⁴ ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? 10,000 ?????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? 50,000 ?????? ??????? ??? ????. ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ???????????, ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????????? 5 ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????.

????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

???????? 49 ??????????????? ?????? [Kr]4d105s25p1 ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????(III), In3+ ?? ?????????. ??? ???????????? 5s ????????????? ?????????????????. ?????? ???????? (I) In+ ??????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??????????? 5s ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????????. ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????(III) ???????? ?????????? ???????(I) ???????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ^[6]. ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? +3 ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ????? ??????????. ?? ????????(I) ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????. ????????(I) ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ????????(III) ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????.

?????????? [ ???? ]

????????(III) [ ???? ]

???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????????(III) ??????? (In2O3) ?????????? ^[7]. ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????(III) ??????? (In2O3) ????????????????. ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????. ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????. ???????? ?????????? ???????????? . ??????????? ????????(III) ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????????.. ????????(III) ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????(III) ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????(III) ???????????? ???????? ?????????.

In(OH) ₃ + 3 HCl → InCl ₃ + 3 H ₂O

???????, ?????????, ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????????????????????? ??????????????? ^[8]. ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????????. . ???????? . ?????????????, ?????????????, ???????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? InCl3, InBr3 ???????????? ?????? ?????? InI3 ????????? ???????????. .???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????. . ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???, ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ^[9]. ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? III-V ??????????????? ?????????????? . ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ^[10].

????????(I) [ ???? ]

????????(I) ?????????? ????????? ????. ??????????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????????. ????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ^[11]. ????????(III) ??????? 700 ???? ????????? ^[7] ????????????? ???? ????????????????????? ??????? ??? ????????(I) ??????? ???? ??????????????????.

??? ??????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ???? +2 ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????. ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ^[12].??????? ???????? ??????????? In?In ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? In2X4 ??????? [In2X6]2? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ^[13]. ????????(I) ??????? ????????(III) ???????????? ?????? InI6(InIIICl6)Cl3 ^[14], InI5(InIIIBr4)2(InIIIBr6) ^[15], InIInIIIBr4 ^[12] ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????????.

???? ???????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???? ???????? ?????????? In?C . ????????????? ??????????. ????????????? In(III) ??????????????????. ????? ???? ???????????????? ????????(I) ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????????. ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????????(I) ??????? ?????. ^[16] ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ^[17]. ??????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ^[18]^[19] .

?????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

??? ??????????? ??????? 0.1 ???? (ppm) ( ???? ( ppm ) = ??????????? ??? ?????) ??????? ???????????????????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????. 1924 ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????????????. ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? 2005 ??? ????? 32,500 ???? ?????? ??????????????????????????? (2004 ??? ??????? 42,800 ??.??, 2003 ??? ??????? 36,100 ??.??). ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. 2002 ??? ????? ??? ??.?? $94 ????????, ????? 2005 ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??.?? ?????? ???????? ????? $900/kg ?? ?????????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ W. M. Haynes (2010). David R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready-reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data . CRC Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1-4398-2077-3 .
↑ Alfantazi, A. M.; Moskalyk, R. R. (2003). "Processing of indium: a review". Minerals Engineering 16 (8): 687?694. doi : 10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00168-7 .
↑ Dean, John A. (523). Lange's handbook of chemistry (Fifteenth edition) . McGraw-Hill, Inc. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-07-016190-9 .
↑ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 222
↑ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 252
↑ Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Thallium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in ???????) (91?100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 892?893. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 3-11-007511-3 .
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Anthony John Downs (1993). Chemistry of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium . Springer. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-7514-0103-5 .
↑ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 286
↑ Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 263?7
↑ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 288
↑ Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 270?1
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Sinclair, Ian; Worrall, Ian J. (1982). "Neutral complexes of the indium dihalides". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 60 (6): 695?698. doi : 10.1139/v82-102 .
↑ Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 287
↑ Beck, Horst Philipp; Wilhelm, Doris (1991). "In7Cl9?A New"Old" Compound in the System In-Cl". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 30 (7): 824?825. doi : 10.1002/anie.199108241 .
↑ Dronskowski, Richard (1995). "Synthesis, Structure, and Decay of In4Br7". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 34 (10): 1126?1128. doi : 10.1002/anie.199511261 .
↑ Fischer, E. O.; Hofmann, H. P. (1957). "Metall-cyclopentadienyle des Indiums" (in German). Angewandte Chemie 69 (20): 639?640. doi : 10.1002/ange.19570692008 .
↑ Beachley O. T.; Pazik J. C.; Glassman T. E.; Churchill M. R.; Fettinger J.C.; Blom R. (1988). "Synthesis, characterization and structural studies of In(C ₅H ₄Me) by x-ray diffraction and electron diffraction techniques and a reinvestigation of the crystalline state of In(C ₅H ₅) by x-ray diffraction studies". Organometallics 7 (5): 1051?1059. doi : 10.1021/om00095a007 .
↑ Shenai, Deo V.; Timmons, Michael L.; Dicarlo, Ronald L.; Lemnah, Gregory K.; Stennick, Robert S. (2003). "Correlation of vapor pressure equation and film properties with trimethylindium purity for the MOVPE grown III?V compounds". Journal of Crystal Growth 248 : 91?98. doi : 10.1016/S0022-0248(02)01854-7 . Bibcode: 2003JCrGr.248...91S .
↑ Shenai, Deodatta V.; Timmons, Michael L.; Dicarlo, Ronald L.; Marsman, Charles J. (2004). "Correlation of film properties and reduced impurity concentrations in sources for III/V-MOVPE using high-purity trimethylindium and tertiarybutylphosphine". Journal of Crystal Growth 272 (1?4): 603?608. doi : 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.09.006 . Bibcode: 2004JCrGr.272..603S .

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ??????? ???????? ????? (?????? ????????)
???????? ?????????????? ????????? (?????? ????????)
Reducing Agents > Indium low valent

[Ph.D.Lide2010-1] W. M. Haynes (2010). David R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready-reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data . CRC Press. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-1-4398-2077-3 .

[InProcess-2] Alfantazi, A. M.; Moskalyk, R. R. (2003). "Processing of indium: a review". Minerals Engineering 16 (8): 687?694. doi : 10.1016/S0892-6875(03)00168-7 .

[Lange-3] Dean, John A. (523). Lange's handbook of chemistry (Fifteenth edition) . McGraw-Hill, Inc. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-07-016190-9 .

[Greenwood222-4] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 222

[Greenwood252-5] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 252

[6] Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Thallium". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in ???????) (91?100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 892?893. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 3-11-007511-3 .

[downs-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Anthony John Downs (1993). Chemistry of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium . Springer. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-7514-0103-5 .

[Greenwood286-8] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 286

[Greenwood263-9] Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 263?7

[Greenwood288-10] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 288

[Greenwood270-11] Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 270?1

[can82-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Sinclair, Ian; Worrall, Ian J. (1982). "Neutral complexes of the indium dihalides". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 60 (6): 695?698. doi : 10.1139/v82-102 .

[Greenwood287-13] Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 287

[14] Beck, Horst Philipp; Wilhelm, Doris (1991). "In7Cl9?A New"Old" Compound in the System In-Cl". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 30 (7): 824?825. doi : 10.1002/anie.199108241 .

[15] Dronskowski, Richard (1995). "Synthesis, Structure, and Decay of In4Br7". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 34 (10): 1126?1128. doi : 10.1002/anie.199511261 .

[16] Fischer, E. O.; Hofmann, H. P. (1957). "Metall-cyclopentadienyle des Indiums" (in German). Angewandte Chemie 69 (20): 639?640. doi : 10.1002/ange.19570692008 .

[17] Beachley O. T.; Pazik J. C.; Glassman T. E.; Churchill M. R.; Fettinger J.C.; Blom R. (1988). "Synthesis, characterization and structural studies of In(C ₅H ₄Me) by x-ray diffraction and electron diffraction techniques and a reinvestigation of the crystalline state of In(C ₅H ₅) by x-ray diffraction studies". Organometallics 7 (5): 1051?1059. doi : 10.1021/om00095a007 .

[18] Shenai, Deo V.; Timmons, Michael L.; Dicarlo, Ronald L.; Lemnah, Gregory K.; Stennick, Robert S. (2003). "Correlation of vapor pressure equation and film properties with trimethylindium purity for the MOVPE grown III?V compounds". Journal of Crystal Growth 248 : 91?98. doi : 10.1016/S0022-0248(02)01854-7 . Bibcode: 2003JCrGr.248...91S .

[19] Shenai, Deodatta V.; Timmons, Michael L.; Dicarlo, Ronald L.; Marsman, Charles J. (2004). "Correlation of film properties and reduced impurity concentrations in sources for III/V-MOVPE using high-purity trimethylindium and tertiarybutylphosphine". Journal of Crystal Growth 272 (1?4): 603?608. doi : 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.09.006 . Bibcode: 2004JCrGr.272..603S .

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