????????????? ??????????

??? ?????
????????????? ?????????
??? ????? ; ????????????? ?????????
???????	6 ???? 1781 ; ??????? ????????? ; ???????
??????	5 ???? 1826 ; (???? 44) ; ??????? , ???????????
???	??????????? ???????????? ???????
????????????	??????????? ??????????? ??????????
?????	????????????
?????????? ; ????	1. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ; ????: 1805; ??????: 1814 ; 2. ?????? ??? ; ????: 1817

??? ????? ????????????? ????????? , ( ????????? (FRS)|?????????? (FRAS) ; ( Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles ); ??????? ??????????? ??????????; ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? (1811?1815); ??????????? ????????? ?????? (1817?1822); ??????????? ??????????.

??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????. ?????????? ?????? ( The History of Java ) ????? ???? ?????????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? (Ann) ???? ????????; ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? (Captain Benjamin Raffles) , ??? ?????????????? (Anne Raffles) ???? 6, 1781-??? ?????????. ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????.

?????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????. ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????.

?????? ????????? ??? [ ???? ]

1795-???, ?????? 14-???? ????????, ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????. 1805-??? ??????? . ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????.

?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? (Prince of Wales Island) ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (Philip Dundas) ??????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????.

?????? ???????? [ ???? ]

1805-??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????. ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? (Olivia Mariamne Devenish) ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? (Jacob Cassivelaun Fancourt) ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????.

???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ????? ???? ????????????? ???????????. 1811-??? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????.

???????? ?????? ???? [ ???? ]

?????, ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? (???? ????) ??????????? ?????? ???????????. 45 ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????.

???????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????????. ^[2]

?????? ???? [ ???? ]

??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????; ??? 1820-????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????. ^[3] ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? (Mahmud Badaruddin II) ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? (Bangka Island) ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????.

???????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????????; ??????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ^[4]

??????????? ??????????????, ?????????? ( ???? (????) ) ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? (Colin Mackenzie) ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????; ???.??. ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ^[5]

??? ?????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

??????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? 26, 1814-??? ?????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????. ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? (????) ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????.

????????????? [ ???? ]

↑ "Sir Stamford Raffles's family" . Singapore Infopedia . Singapore Government . ????????????? ???? 13 December 2014 .
↑ Ricklefs, M. C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 , 4th Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008
↑ Carey, Peter, The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an Old Order in Java, 1785-1855, 2008
↑ Hahn, Emily, Raffles of Singapore, 1946
↑ Miksic, John, Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas, 1990

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

Biography ????????????? 2005-04-04 at the ??????? ????????? at the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research
Find-A-Grave profile for Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
The natural history of game birds by Sir William Jardine with a memoir on Sir Stamford Raffles
The History of Java by Sir Stamford Raffles at the Internet Archive.
Raffles and the Golden Opportunity, The Guardian , 5 December 2012

[1] "Sir Stamford Raffles's family" . Singapore Infopedia . Singapore Government . ????????????? ???? 13 December 2014 .

[2] Ricklefs, M. C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 , 4th Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008

[3] Carey, Peter, The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an Old Order in Java, 1785-1855, 2008

[4] Hahn, Emily, Raffles of Singapore, 1946

[5] Miksic, John, Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas, 1990

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

?? ? ?? ??????? ??????
???????	???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????
???????	? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????
????????	????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??
???????????	???? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????
??????? ???????	??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????
??????? ??????? (????????)	?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????
???????	1606 ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????
??????????	???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????