한국   대만   중국   일본 
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??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????.
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????????????? ?????????
??????? 6 ???? 1781 [1]
??????? ?????????
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?????? 5 ???? 1826
(???? 44)
??????? , ???????????
??? ??????????? ???????????? ???????
???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????
????? ????????????
??????????
????
1. ??????? ?????????? ????????
????: 1805; ??????: 1814
2. ?????? ???
????: 1817

??? ????? ????????????? ????????? , ( ????????? (FRS)|?????????? (FRAS) ; ( Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles ); ??????? ??????????? ??????????; ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? (1811?1815); ??????????? ????????? ?????? (1817?1822); ??????????? ??????????.

??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????, ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????. ?????????? ?????? ( The History of Java ) ????? ???? ?????????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? (Ann) ???? ????????; ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? (Captain Benjamin Raffles) , ??? ?????????????? (Anne Raffles) ???? 6, 1781-??? ?????????. ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????.

?????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????. ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????.

?????? ????????? ??? [ ???? ]

1795-???, ?????? 14-???? ????????, ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????. 1805-??? ??????? . ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????.

?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? (Prince of Wales Island) ?? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (Philip Dundas) ??????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????.

?????? ???????? [ ???? ]

1805-??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????. ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? (Olivia Mariamne Devenish) ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? (Jacob Cassivelaun Fancourt) ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????.

???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ????? ???? ????????????? ???????????. 1811-??? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????.

???????? ?????? ???? [ ???? ]

?????, ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? (???? ????) ??????????? ?????? ???????????. 45 ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????.

???????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????????. [2]

?????? ???? [ ???? ]

??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????; ??? 1820-????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????. [3] ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? (Mahmud Badaruddin II) ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? (Bangka Island) ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????.

???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????.

???????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????????; ??????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????. [4]

??????????? ??????????????, ?????????? ( ???? (????) ) ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? (Colin Mackenzie) ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????; ???.??. ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. [5]

??? ?????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

??????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? 26, 1814-??? ?????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????. ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? (????) ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????.

????????????? [ ???? ]

  1. "Sir Stamford Raffles's family" . Singapore Infopedia . Singapore Government . ????????????? ???? 13 December 2014 .
  2. Ricklefs, M. C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200 , 4th Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008
  3. Carey, Peter, The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an Old Order in Java, 1785-1855, 2008
  4. Hahn, Emily, Raffles of Singapore, 1946
  5. Miksic, John, Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas, 1990

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]