???????

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	????? ????
	Location of ??????? 1915 ?????????? ????????? ???????
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???????????? ??????	????? ??????????? ??? ?????

??????? ??????? ????? (Hankou), ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? (?????? ??????? ??????? ???????) ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????. ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ???, ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? (??? ???, ?????? ???????? ?????), ??????? ( ?????????? ??????) ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????????.

???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? , ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????

?????? [ ???? ]

????? (??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????)

????????? ????? "????? ????" ????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ????????????? ????????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ????????. ^[1]

????????, ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ????????. ??????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? . 1899 ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???, ??????? ??????, ?????, ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????, ??????????, ???????? ????? ???????? ?????. ^[2]^[3]

1926 ??? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????????. ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????????. ??? ???????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ^[2]^[3]^[4] ????? 1927 ??? ???????, ????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????????. ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ??? ??? "??????? ????????" ??? ?????????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????. 1949 ???? ???????, ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. 1949 ??? ???????, ?? 16 ????? ?????????????? ????? ????????, ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????. ^[5]

????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

1900 ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????. ?????????? ????? ??-???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????????????. ^[6]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ Zhongguo Gujin Diming Dacidian 中?古今地名大?典, 964.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 "?史沿革" . Archived from the original on June 25, 2012 . ????????????? ???? March 21, 2012 .
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 "江??述" . Archived from the original on ???????? 2, 2014 . ????????????? ???? March 21, 2012 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )
↑ " "武?"的由?" . Archived from the original on April 25, 2012 . ????????????? ???? March 31, 2012 .
↑ "武?近代建市及其?史意?" . Archived from the original on February 2, 2014 . ????????????? ???? March 31, 2012 .
↑ Glover, Archibald E. (1919). A Thousand Miles of Miracle in China: A personal record of God's delivering power from the hands of the Imperial Boxers of Shan-si (Eleventh ed.). London: Pickering & Inglis.

Walravens, Hartmut (January 1, 2003). "German Influence on the Press in China". Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences . Walter de Gruyter . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 3110962799 . Archived from the original on June 17, 2003.
- Also available in Walravens, Hartmut and Edmund King. Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the newspapers section at IFLA General Conferences . K.G. Saur , 2003. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 3598218370 , 9783598218378.
"Japanese Invasion of China: Hangkou / Hanhkow (1937-38)" . Historical Boys' Clothing . September 19, 2011.
Rowe, William T. (1984). Hankow: Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796-1889 . Stanford University Press.
Rowe, William T. (1992). Hankow: Conflict and Community in a Chinese City, 1796-1895 . Stanford University Press.

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???????????? Hankou , Hankow , or Han-k'ou ??????? ???????? ???????????.

Historic US Army map of Hankou, 1945

[1] Zhongguo Gujin Diming Dacidian 中?古今地名大?典, 964.

[历史沿革-2] 2.0 ^2.1 "?史沿革" . Archived from the original on June 25, 2012 . ????????????? ???? March 21, 2012 .

[江汉综述-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "江??述" . Archived from the original on ???????? 2, 2014 . ????????????? ???? March 21, 2012 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |archive-date= ( help )

[武汉的由来=-4] " "武?"的由?" . Archived from the original on April 25, 2012 . ????????????? ???? March 31, 2012 .

[武汉近代建市及其历史意义-5] "武?近代建市及其?史意?" . Archived from the original on February 2, 2014 . ????????????? ???? March 31, 2012 .

[6] Glover, Archibald E. (1919). A Thousand Miles of Miracle in China: A personal record of God's delivering power from the hands of the Imperial Boxers of Shan-si (Eleventh ed.). London: Pickering & Inglis.

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