??????? ????????

??????? ?????? ????????
??????? ?????? ????????
	??????? ????????
???????	???????? 8, 1900 ; ????????, ???? ??????
??????	???????? 14, 1973 (???? 73) ; ???????? ?????? , ??????
???????	?????? ?????????
??????????	??????????
????	????????? , ??????????
???????????	???????? ?????????????
????? ???? ???????	???????????? ????????????? ; ???????? ????????????? (????????? ??????)
????????????	??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????
?????????	??? ???. ???? ?????? ?????? (1964) ; ?????? ??????? (1970)

??????? ?????? ???????? ( Howard Hathaway Aiken , ?????? 8 1900 - ?????? 14 , 1973 ) ??????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????. ^[1] ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????. ^[2]

???????? ???????????? ????????????????? ????? ???????. ^[3] ???????, ????????? ???????? 1939??? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ????????. ^[4]

????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

??????? ???????? 1900??? ????? ?????? 8 ??? ????? ?????????. ^[5]

???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ???, ???????? ?? ??? ?????????.

???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ????????. ^[6]

???????, ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ [ "??????? ??????? ???????? (?????? ????????) " . Archived from the original on 2015-03-30 . ????????????? ???? 2012-04-16 . ??????? ??????? ???????? (?????? ????????) ]
↑ [ "??????? ???. ????????. ???????? ?????? (?????? ????????) " . Archived from the original on 2012-03-22 . ????????????? ???? 2012-04-16 . ??????? ???. ????????. ???????? ?????? (?????? ????????) ]
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↑ [ "??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????. (?????? ????????) " . Archived from the original on 2012-06-13 . ????????????? ???? 2012-04-16 . ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????. (?????? ????????) ]
↑ ???????? ???????? (?????? ????????)

[1] [ "??????? ??????? ???????? (?????? ????????) " . Archived from the original on 2015-03-30 . ????????????? ???? 2012-04-16 . ??????? ??????? ???????? (?????? ????????) ]

[2] [ "??????? ???. ????????. ???????? ?????? (?????? ????????) " . Archived from the original on 2012-03-22 . ????????????? ???? 2012-04-16 . ??????? ???. ????????. ???????? ?????? (?????? ????????) ]

[3] ???????? ??????? ???????? (?????? ????????)

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[5] [ "??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????. (?????? ????????) " . Archived from the original on 2012-06-13 . ????????????? ???? 2012-04-16 . ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????. (?????? ????????) ]

[6] ???????? ???????? (?????? ????????)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]