?????? ?????

?????????????? , ??????????? (Cosmic rays; ???????? ????????) ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????-?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ^[1] ??? ??????????????? (charged) ???? ?????????? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????????????. ????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????????. ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????. ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????.

??????????????, ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????, ????????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????. ??? ?????????? ????-?????? ??????????????, ??????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? 2013?? ?????????????? ????????, ??????? ???????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????, ??????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????. ^[2] ???????, ??? ??????? ???????????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???????????. ??????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ????????????? ??????????.

?????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????. ???????????? ??? ????????????????? ???????????. ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????. ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????. ???? ????????????? '???????? ???????? ????????' ????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ( ???????? ) ?????? ?????? ( ???????? ) ??????????? ??????????. ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????????. ???????????? ???????? ????? ????????????, ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????.??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????????. ???????? ??????????? ^[3].

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ Sharma (2008). Atomic And Nuclear Physics . Pearson Education India. p. 478. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-81-317-1924-4 .
↑ Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Baring, M. G.; Bastieri, D. et al . (2013-02-15). "Detection of the Characteristic Pion-Decay Signature in Supernova Remnants" . Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 339 (6424): 807?811. doi : 10.1126/science.1231160 . Bibcode: 2013Sci...339..807A . http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6121/807.full . ??????? ????: 2013-02-14 .
↑ ???????? ???????????, ?. ?????????????, 2000

[1] Sharma (2008). Atomic And Nuclear Physics . Pearson Education India. p. 478. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-81-317-1924-4 .

[ackermann-2013-2] Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Baring, M. G.; Bastieri, D. et al . (2013-02-15). "Detection of the Characteristic Pion-Decay Signature in Supernova Remnants" . Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 339 (6424): 807?811. doi : 10.1126/science.1231160 . Bibcode: 2013Sci...339..807A . http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6121/807.full . ??????? ????: 2013-02-14 .

[3] ???????? ???????????, ?. ?????????????, 2000

[1]

[2]

[3]