???????? ?????????

??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????

????????? ( ??????? ^ⓘ) ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????. ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????. ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????.????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? 20,000 ???? TNT???? ????? ???????????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????? 10 ????????? ???? TNT???? ????? ???????????????.

2,400 pounds (1,100 kg) ????????? ??? ?????? ??????, 1.2 ????????? ???? TNT???? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????????????. ????, ???????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????, ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????. ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????.

?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????????. ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????. ?????? 6, 1945 ?????, "??????? ?????" ???? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ????????????? ????, ?????? 9 ????? "?????? ??????" ???? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? 200,000 ?????? ????????. ^[1] ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????.

??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????, ???????? ??????????????????, ???????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????????????????????????. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????. ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? (??????????????? ?????????????) ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? , ?????? ?????????? , ???????? , ???? , ??????? , ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. ^[2]^[3]^[4] ?????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????????, ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????. ^[5]

???????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????????? 2012 ?????? ?????? 17,000?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????????? 4,300 ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????????. ^[2]

?????? [ ???? ]

?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????????????????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????.

?????????? ????? ????????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????. ????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????.

?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? (??????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????) ?????? ??????????-????????????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????-?????? ?????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????????????. ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ????????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????.

???????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????????????. ????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ???? TNT ???? ??????????????? 5?????? ???? TNT ???? ??? ?????????. ^[6]

??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????????. ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? (??????? ?????????) ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? (???? ?????????) ??????. ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??????? ?????????, ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????.

??????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????-235 ??????? ?????????????-239 ???????????. ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????-239 ?????. ?????????????-237 ??????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????????. ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ?????. ^[7]

???????? ????? ????????? [ ???? ]

??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????????????. ???????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ???????????????????? (????????????? ??????? ?????????) ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????????????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????????????. ^[8]

?????? ?????????, ?????, ?????? ??????????, ????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????. (??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????.) ^[9] ????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ??????? ??? ??????? ????????????????????.

????? ????????????, ????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? "??????? ???? ????????????" ?????????? ????????, ????? ??????????? (?????????, ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????) ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? X-?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????. ??? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????? "????? ???" ?????? ??????? ????? "?????? ???" ?????? ?????????????. ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????. ^[6]

????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? "??? ???" ?????????????? ?????????????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? "???? ??????" ?????. ???? ?????????? ???? 50 ???? ???? TNT ????? ???????????????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????. ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????. ???????? ??????, ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ^[10]

?????? [ ???? ]

????????? ????????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ???????: ?????????? ???????

???????????? ????????? ?????????????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????, ???????????, ???? ????? ????????? ???????????????????, ???????? ??????????????? Manhattan Project ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????. ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????????????????, ????????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? , ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????.

????? ???????? [ ???? ]

??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????. ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????, ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? , ???????????? 2 ???????????? ??????????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ( Little boy ) ????? ???????????, ?????? 6??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????. ?????? ????????????? ????, ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ( fat man ) ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????. ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? 120,000. ????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????????.

??????????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

???????, ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????????. 1949 ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????. ?????????????????, ??????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????, 1950????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????????. 1960????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????, ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????.

????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? (??????????) ?????? ???????? ??????? , ?????? , ??????????? , ???????? , ???? , ??????? , ???????????? ??????? ?? ?????? . ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????????????? ???? ???? ???????????, ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????. ????????, ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????, ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ???????????, ????? ??? ???? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????.

??? ?????????? ?????? 1945?2007. [ ???? ]

??? ??????????, ????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????, ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????. ?????????????????, ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???????????????, ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????, ???? ??? ?????????, ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????. ???????, ???????????, ???????? ??????? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? (NPT) ?????????, ???? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ????????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ??? ??????? ????????????, ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ??????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? (?? ??????), ????????????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? (???????, ????????????, ???? ???????????, ??????? ???????) ??????? ????????????? ???????. 1990 ????? ????????????, ????????? ????????? ???????????, ?????????????, ???? ?????????????, ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????.

2005 ??? ?????, ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????, ???? ?????, ??????, ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????. ???????? 9, 2005??, ?? ?????? ????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ "Frequently Asked Questions #1" . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Archived from the original on 19 ?????????? 2007 . ????????????? ???? 18 ?????????? 2007 . total number of deaths is not known precisely … acute (within two to four months) deaths … Hiroshima … 90,000－166,000 … Nagasaki … 60,000－80,000 {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |archive-date= ( help )
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 "Federation of American Scientists: Status of World Nuclear Forces" . Fas.org . ????????????? ???? 2012-12-29 .
↑ "Nuclear Weapons ? Israel" . Fas.org. Jan 8, 2007 . ????????????? ???? 2010-12-15 .
↑ See also Mordechai Vanunu
↑ "Nuclear Weapons ? South Africa" . Fas.org. 29 May 2000 . ????????????? ???? 2011-04-07 .
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 The best overall printed sources on nuclear weapons design are: Hansen, Chuck. U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History. San Antonio, TX: Aerofax, 1988; and the more-updated Hansen, Chuck. Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Publications, 1995.
↑ David Albright and Kimberly Kramer (2005-08-22). "Neptunium 237 and Americium: World Inventories and Proliferation Concerns" (PDF) . Institute for Science and International Security . ????????????? ???? 2011-10-13 .
↑ Carey Sublette, Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions: 4.5.2 "Dirty" and "Clean" Weapons , accessed 10 May 2011.
↑ On India's alleged hydrogen bomb test, see Carey Sublette, What Are the Real Yields of India's Test? .
↑ Sublette, Carey. "The Nuclear Weapon Archive" . ????????????? ???? 2007-03-07 .

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????:

?????? ???????? ?????????/??? ??????

[1] "Frequently Asked Questions #1" . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Archived from the original on 19 ?????????? 2007 . ????????????? ???? 18 ?????????? 2007 . total number of deaths is not known precisely … acute (within two to four months) deaths … Hiroshima … 90,000－166,000 … Nagasaki … 60,000－80,000 {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |archive-date= ( help )

[nuclearweapons1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 "Federation of American Scientists: Status of World Nuclear Forces" . Fas.org . ????????????? ???? 2012-12-29 .

[3] "Nuclear Weapons ? Israel" . Fas.org. Jan 8, 2007 . ????????????? ???? 2010-12-15 .

[4] See also Mordechai Vanunu

[5] "Nuclear Weapons ? South Africa" . Fas.org. 29 May 2000 . ????????????? ???? 2011-04-07 .

[Hansen-6] 6.0 ^6.1 The best overall printed sources on nuclear weapons design are: Hansen, Chuck. U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History. San Antonio, TX: Aerofax, 1988; and the more-updated Hansen, Chuck. Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Publications, 1995.

[7] David Albright and Kimberly Kramer (2005-08-22). "Neptunium 237 and Americium: World Inventories and Proliferation Concerns" (PDF) . Institute for Science and International Security . ????????????? ???? 2011-10-13 .

[8] Carey Sublette, Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions: 4.5.2 "Dirty" and "Clean" Weapons , accessed 10 May 2011.

[9] On India's alleged hydrogen bomb test, see Carey Sublette, What Are the Real Yields of India's Test? .

[Sublette-10] Sublette, Carey. "The Nuclear Weapon Archive" . ????????????? ???? 2007-03-07 .

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