한국   대만   중국   일본 
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???????? ??????. ?????? ???????????. ????? ???.  1630 .
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???????????? 11 ???????? 1556 ? 27 ???????? 1605 [2] [3]
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?????? 27 ???????? 1605 ( 1605-10-27 ) (???? 63)
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??????? ?????? (Akbar the Great, [12] ?????? ???? : ???? ???? ‎, ?????? ??????????: ??????-?-????, ??????: ??? ??????) ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ( Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar , [9] 25 ???????? 1542 [a] ? 27 ???????? 1605), [13] [14] [15] ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ???? 1556 ????? 1605 ??? ????? ??????????. ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????.

??? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???????, ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ??????, ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????. ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????. ????? ??? ???????? ????????????, ??????-???????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????????????????.

?????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????????. ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ??????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ???????????????????, ?????????, ????? ???????????? ????????????, ?????????, ?????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????? , ????? , ???????? , ????????? , ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? 24,000 ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????. [16] ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. [17] ???????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ??????????????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????. [16] ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????, ?????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????, ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? , ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????. ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???? ???????????. ????????, ???????? ???? ??????, ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????-???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????. ???? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????????????.

?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????????????? ???????????????. ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????. ????????, ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????????. ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????. ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????.

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1539 ????? 1541 ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????. [18] ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? 14 ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? 15 ???????? 1542??? ?????????. [a] ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????. [20]

??? ???????? ??????

??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????. ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????. ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ?????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????. ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????. ???? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????????. [21] [22] 20 ??????? 1551??? ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????. [23]

????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????, ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????. [24] ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????. [25] ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? 14 ????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????????. [26] ???????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????. [27] [5]

???? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? 1555??? ???????? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????????. ??? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????. 14 ???????? 1556??? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? 14 ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????. [28] [29] ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????????? "??????????? ??????" ????? ??????. ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????. [30]

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???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????. [31] [32] ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ?????. [33] ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????. ???????, ?????????? ???? ???????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????. [33]

??????? ????????? ??????????????????? ??????? , ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????. [32] ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????. ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ??????, ??????????????????, ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????. [34] ????? ?????????????, ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????. [35] ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??? ????, "???????????? ?????????, [???????????] ???? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????" ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????. [36] ????????, " ????????????? ?????? " ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????????????. ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????, ?????????, ???????? ?????????????????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????. [37]

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?????????????? ???????? ??????? , ?????? , ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ?????, ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????. ????????? ???????????? ?????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. [38] ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????????????. ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????. ?????, ???? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????. ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????????. [38] ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????. [39] ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????, ?????????? ?????????????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????. ??????-??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????. [38]

??? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????. ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????????. [40] ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????? 50 ???? ??????? ???????? 5 ??????? 1556??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????. [41] ???? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????. ???????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ????? ??? ????? ???????????????. ?????, ??????, ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????. [42] ?????? ??? ??????????, ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????. ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ???????. ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ??????????. 1558??? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????. [42] ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????. ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????. [42]

?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????. ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????, "???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ???????????? ????????????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????". [38] ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ??? ??????????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????????. [38] [42] ???????, ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????. [43]

??? ??????????????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

???? ?????????? ?????? ????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????

1559??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????. [44] ???????, ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????. [44] 18 ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????????. ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? 1560??? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????. ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????. [45] ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????. ?????, ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. [41] ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????????. ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???? ???????????. ???????, ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????. ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????????????. [46] ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????????. ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????. [44]

1560??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????. [44] ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????. ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????????????????. ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. [44] ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????????, ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????. [44] ???? ???? ????????????, ????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????????. ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????????. [44] ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????. [44] ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????????????? ????? 1570??? ????????? ??????????? ???????????. [44]

?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????-?-???? ???????? ???????????????

?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????, ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????. 1562??? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. [44] ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????. [44] 1564??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????, ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????. [47] ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ?????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????. ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????. ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????. [47] ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????. [47] 1566??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????. ???????????? ???? ???????? ????????. [47]

1564??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. [48] ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????????. [47] ????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????. [47] [49] ??? ??????????? ???? ??????????????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????????. [49] ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ??????? 1000 ????????? ????????????. [49] ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????. [49] ???????, ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????. [49] ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????, ?????? 200 ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ????????????????? ????????. ?????, ?????????????????? ????????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. ???????? ???? ????????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????. [49]

???????? ????? ??????? [ ???? ]

1564??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????. ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????????. ???? ????????????????. ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????????????????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????????????. [50]

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1568??? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????
1568??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????

?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????. [49] ?????? , ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????. [42] [47] ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. 1561??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????. [48] ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????. ???????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. [47] ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????. ????? ????? 1527??? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????. [47] ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????. [47]

1567??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????????????. ???????, ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????????. ??????, ?????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????????????. ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. [51] 1568??? 4 ??? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????. ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? 30,000 ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????. [52] [53] ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????. [54] ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ????????????? ????????????. ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????. [55] ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????. [56]

?????????????????? ?????????????? ?????, 1568??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????. ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????????. [56] ???????, ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????????. [56] ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??????????. [56] ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????. [56] ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? 1576??? ????????? ?????? ???????????????????. [56] ?????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? 37 ??????????? ???????? ?????? 1569??? ????????? ????????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ("?????????? ?????") ????? ??????????????. [57] ???????, ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????. [58]

?????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? [ ???? ]

???? ???????? ???, ???? 13??? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????: ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????????. ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????. ??? ?????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????????.

???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ???, ????????? ?????, ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????. [56] ??????, ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????. ??? ?????????, ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????. [56] ???? ????????? ???????????, ????????????, ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????????, ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ???????????????? ?????????????. [56] [59] ??????-??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????. [60] ???????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????????. [56] 1572??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? , ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????. ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????. 1573??? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????. ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????. [56] ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????????. ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????. [56]

??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????. ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????. [60] ?????? ?????????????? ????????. 11 ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ???????, ?????? ??????? ????????? 6 ???????? ?????. ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? 2, 1573??? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????. [56] ????????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????. ????????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?50 ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????. [56]

??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????. ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????. ?????, 1572??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????. [61] ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ???????????. ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????. [61] ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????. [62] 1574??? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ???????. [61] ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????. 1575??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????????. ???????, ??? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????????. ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????????????. ????? ?????????????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????. [61]

????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????????. ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? 1581??? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????, ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????. ???????, ????? ?????? ???????????, "??????????????? ???????? ????? ????????". ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?????????????. 8 ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????. ?????? 1581??? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????. ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??????????????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?????????????? ?????, 1585??? ???????? ??????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????. [61]

?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????. [63] 13 ????????????, 1585??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????. [63] ??????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????. [61] ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???? ???????????????????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????. ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????. [61] [64] ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????. [63] ?????????????? ????????????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????????. [65]

1586??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????. ???????????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ???? ????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????????????????????. [65] ???????? ??????, ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????, ????? ???? ????????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ????????, ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????????????????? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????????. [65] ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????, ???????? 1586???, [65] ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????. ?????? ??? ??????????, ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????????????????????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????????????. [65] ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????. [65]

????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????, ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????. [66] ???????, ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? 17??? ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????????. ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????? ???????. [64] ?????????????, ?????? ????????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? 1600??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????. [64] ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????. ????????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????. [64] ??????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????????????. [64] ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ????????? 1601??? ????? ??????????????. [64] ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ?????????, 1598??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????????????. [65]

?????? ???????? ?????????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????. [65] ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? 1585??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????. ?????, ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????. ??????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????. ????????, ???? 1589??? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????. [65] ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????????????????. [67] ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????. 1574??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ???????, 1586??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????. [65] ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????. ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ????????????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????. [65] ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. ??????, ????????? ?????? ?????, 1591??? ????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????????. 1593??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. [67]

???????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? [ ???? ]

1586???? ?????? 6 ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????. ????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????? 1595??? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????. [67] [68] ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????. [68] ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????, ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????????????. ???? ???????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????. [68]

????????????????, ??????????? [ ???? ]

14??? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ????????. ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ????????. ??? ???????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????????. 1558??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? 30 ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????. [67] ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????. ?????, ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????. [67] ??????, ???????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????. [67] ??????, ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????. ?????, ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????????????. ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ?????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????. [67]

1593??? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? [69] . ????????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????? 5,000 ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? (??????) ???????????????. ??????? ???????????? ????????. [69] ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????, ????????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????????. ???????, ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????????. ???????? 5,000 ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????????. ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????????. [67] [69] ????????? ???????? 1595??? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????. [69] ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????-?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????????. [67] ????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????, ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????. ???????, ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????. [67]

???????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????? ????, ??????? ??????????????. 17 ????? 1601??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????????. [70] [71]
????????? ???????: ?????? ?????????????

1593??? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????. 1595??? ????????? ???????? ????????????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????. [72] ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? 1600??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????????????. 1599??? ????????? ???????? ????????????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? 17 ????? 1601??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????????? ???? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. "1605??? ????? ????????????, ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????. ??? ????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????????." [73]

????????? [ ???? ]

????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????????.

  • ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ???????.
  • ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????????. ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????.
  • ???? ????, ????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????????????.
  • ??????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????. ??? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????????? ????????.

??? ???????? [ ???? ]

???? ?? ???????? ???????????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????. ???????, ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????. ???????, ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????????. ??? ???????????? ????????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????. [74] ?????????? ???????????????? ??? ????????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????. ?????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????. ?????????? 1580??? ?????????????. ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????. [75] ???? ????????? ???? ??????? 10 ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????. ??? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????. ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????????????. ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????. [75] ???????? ?????? ( ????? ) ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????????. ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????. [76] 1582-83??? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????????. [77]

???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????. [78] ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????. [79] ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????, ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????, ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????. ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ???????????????. [78] ???? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????. ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????????????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????. [80]

?????? ??????? [ ???? ]

????????? ???????: ?????????? ????

?????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ??????????????, ?????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???? (??? ?????????? ) ??????????????. ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????. ????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????. [76] ????????????? 33 ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? 7,000 ????? 10,000 ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????????????. ???? ?? ??????? 10 ????? 5,000 ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ??? ??????????????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????????????????. ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????. ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????. [81] ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????. [82] ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????. ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????. ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????. ???????, ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????. ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????. ????????????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????????????. [83] ??????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ????????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????. [82]

???????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????-?-???? (??? ???? ???????????????? ??????)

??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ?????????????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????. ??? 1569??? ??????????? ?????? 37 ??????????? ???????? ??????????????. 1573??? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? (" ?????????? ??????? ") ????? ??????????????. ??? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????????. [84] ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????, ??? ????? ??????? ???????, ?????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????. ???????, ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????????? 1585??? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????, ?????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????, ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? [85] ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????????????. 1599??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

?????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ???????????????????????. ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????. [86] ???? ??????????????????? ?????????? ????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????, ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????. [87] ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????. [87] ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????. ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. [87] ??????, ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??, ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????. [88]

????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????. ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. [89]

????? ???? ???????, ????????? ???? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????????. ????? ????????? ???????????, ??????? ????????? ???????. ??????, ??????????? '??????' (???? ????) ??????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????. [90] ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? (??????) ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? (??????? ??????? ?????????) ????????????? ???????????????????. ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ?????, ???????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????.

???? ?????? ??????? [ ???? ]

????????????????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

1556??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????, ????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????. ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????, ??????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????????, ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????. [91]

1537??? ????????????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????????. [92]

1572??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??? ????????? (??????) ???????? ?????????? ?????????????????. [93] 1572??? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????????, ?????????????????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ????? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????????. ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????. [94] ????????????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????????????, ????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????, ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????. [95]

?????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????. ?????, ???????????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. [96] 1573??? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ???????????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ??????????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????. [97] ??????, ?????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???-????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??, ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? '??????'???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? 3 ???? ????? ??????????????????.

?????????? 1579??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????????. [98] ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. [99]

?????????? ?????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? (???????? ???????????) ????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????.

1555??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. 1569??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????????. [100] [101]

1576??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????. ??????? 6 ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? 12,000 ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. [102] [ page needed ] ???????? 1576??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ??? 1577??? ?????? ??????????? ????????. [103] 1577 ????? 1580 ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????????. [104] [105]

??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????. [106] ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????????. [107] ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????. ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. [108] ?????? ????????????? ??????-???????? ???????? ?????????. ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????????, ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????. [109]

??? ????????? ???, ???????????????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ?????, ????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????, ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????. [110] [111] 1587??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ????? ??????-????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????. [112]

????????? ??????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

??????????????, ????????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????????. ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????. [113] ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????. [114] ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????????????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????????????????????. [115] ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????, ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????. ??? 1558??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????. [114] ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????. ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????. [116] ???????, 1576??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????. ??? ???????????????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? 1587??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????????????. [117] ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????. ???? ????????????? ????????? 18 ?????? 1595??? ???? ???????? ???????????. ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. [118] ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????????????? 1646??? ????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????. [119] ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????. [120]

?????? ??? ????????????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ?????????? ???????????, ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????, ??????? ??????????? 1600??? ?????????????. ???????????????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????????. [121]

???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????. [122]

?????????? ???????? [ ???? ]

?????????? [ ???? ]

????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????. ????? ???. . 1602.

???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???-? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????.

?????? ??? ???? ?????, ???????, ?????, ??????? ???????????????? (????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????) ??????? ??????????? ?????. [123] ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????. ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????. [124]

?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????????. ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????????. ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????????. [125] ??????????? ??????????? ?????? "?????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????". ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????:

"???????? ????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ????????????????, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????????, ?????????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????. ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????. ????? ????????? ?????????, ???????????? ????????. ??????? ??????????????????? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????, ???? ???? ??????????? ??????????." [126]

?????? ????????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? 19 ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????. ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????????. ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????, ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????. [127]

???? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????. [128] ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. [129] ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????. ???????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????????????????? ???? ???????????????????. ??? ??? ?????????????. ????? ??????? ???????????????. ?????? ???? ???????????????.

?????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????. ??????, ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???-????????? ??? ?????????????? ????. ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ??????????????.

?????? ????? [ ???? ]

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Official sources, such as contemporary biographer ????? ????? , record Akbar's birth name and date as Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar and 15 October 1542 . However, based on recollections of Humayun's personal attendant Jauhar, historian ?????????? ?????? holds that Akbar was born on 23 November 1542 (the fourteenth day of ?????? , which had a full moon) and was originally named Badr ud-din ("The full moon of religion"). According to Smith, the recorded date of birth was changed at the time of Akbar's circumcision ceremony in March 1546 in order to throw off astrologers and sorcerers, and the name accordingly changed to Jalal ud-din ("Splendour of Religion") [19]

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ Kishori Saran Lal (1999). Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India (in ????????). Aditya Prakashan. p. 67. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-81-86471-72-2 . It may be recalled that as an adolescent, Akbar had earned the title of Ghazi by beheading the defenseless infidel Himu. Under Akbar and Jahangir "five or six hundred thousand human beings were killed,"says emperor Jahangir
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Eraly, Abraham (2004). The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors . Phoenix. pp. 115, 116. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-7538-1758-2 .
  3. ↑ " Akbar (Mughal emperor) ". Encyclopædia Britannica .  
  4. ↑ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 95. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-8124110669 .
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (1999). The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India . Translated by Thackston, Wheeler M. Oxford University Press. p. 437. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-19-512718-8 . Ruqayya-Sultan Begam, the daughter of Mirza Hindal and wife of His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani [Akbar], had passed away in Akbarabad. She was His Majesty's chief wife. Since she did not have children, when Shahjahan was born His Majesty Arsh-Ashyani entrusted that "unique pearl of the caliphate" to the begam's care, and she undertook to raise the prince. She departed this life at the age of eighty-four.
  6. ↑ Robinson, Annemarie Schimmel (2005). Waghmar, Burzine K. (ed.). The empire of the Great Mughals : history, art and culture . Translated by Attwood, Corinne (Revised ed.). Lahore: Sang-E-Meel Pub. p.  145 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-86189-185-3 .
  7. ↑ Hindu Shah, Muhammad Qasim (1595?1612). Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi . Vol. 2. p. 223. Akbur, after this conquest, made pilgrimage to Khwaja Moyin-ood-Deen Chishty at Ajmere and returned to Agra; from whence he proceeded to visit the venerable Sheikh Sulim Chishty, in the village of Seekry. As all the king's children had hitherto died, he solicited the Sheikh's prayers, who consoled him, by assuring him he would soon have a son, who would live to a good old age. Shortly after, his favourite sooltana, being then pregnant, on Wednesday the 17th of Rubbee-ool-Awul, in the year 997 was delivered of a son, who was called Sulim.
  8. ↑ Mehta, J.L. (1981). Advance Study in the history of Medieval India:Mughal Empire . Vol. II. Sterling Publisher Private Limited. ??????????? ?????????? ???   8120704320 . Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Hindu custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise profound impact on socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar. Salim (later Jahangir), heir to the throne, was born of this wedlock on 30th August, 1569.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ballhatchet, Kenneth A. "Akbar" . Encyclopædia Britannica . ????????????? ???? 17 July 2017 .
  10. ↑ Black, Antony (2011). The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present (in ????????). Edinburgh University Press. p. 245. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-7486-8878-4 .
  11. ↑ Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne : The Saga of the Great Mughals . Penguin books. p.  189 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-14-100143-2 .
  12. ↑ Syed, Jawad (2011). "Akbar's multiculturalism: lessons for diversity management in the 21st century". Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.) 28 (4): 404. doi : 10.1002/CJAS.185 .  
  13. ↑ "Akbar I" . Encyclopaedia Iranica. 29 July 2011 . ????????????? ???? 18 January 2014 .
  14. ↑ "Akbar I" . Oxford Reference. 17 February 2012. ?????? ????? ?????? : 10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-19-954609-1 .
  15. ↑ Fazl, Abul (1907). The Akbarnama . Translated by Beveridge, Henry. ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. pp.  139 ?140.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Murray, Stuart. 2009. The library: an illustrated history. Chicago, ALA Editions
  17. ↑ Wiegand & Davis, Jr. 1994 , ?. 273.
  18. ↑ Banjerji, S.K. (1938). Humayun Badshah . Oxford University Press.
  19. ↑ Smith 1917 , ?. 18?19
  20. ↑ Smith 1917 , ?. 12?19
  21. ↑ Fazl, Abul. Akbarnama Volume I .
  22. ↑ Smith 1917 , ?. 22
  23. ↑ Erskine, William (1854). A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Baber and Humayun, Volume 2 . Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 403, 404. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-108-04620-6 .
  24. ↑ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1984) [First published 1981]. Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India . Vol. II (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers. p. 189. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-81-207-1015-3 . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   1008395679 .
  25. ↑ Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim (2013). History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Till the Year AD 1612 . Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-108-05555-0 .
  26. ↑ Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne : the saga of the great Mughals . Penguin books. pp.  123 , 272. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-14-100143-2 .
  27. ↑ Schimmel, Annemarie (2005). Waghmar, Burzine K. (ed.). The empire of the Great Mughals : history, art and culture . Translated by Attwood, Corinne (Revised ed.). Lahore: Sang-E-Meel Pub. p.  149 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-86189-185-3 .
  28. ↑ "Gurdas" . Government of Punjab . Archived from the original on 2008-05-27 . ????????????? ???? 2008-05-30 .
  29. ↑ History ????????????? 2 ?????? 2005 at the ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? website.
  30. ↑ Smith 2002 , ?. 337
  31. ↑ "Remembering Akbar the Great: Facts about the most liberal Mughal emperor" (in en). India Today . 27 October 2016 . https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/akbar-the-great-348793-2016-10-27 .  
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Lal, Ruby (2005). Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World . Cambridge University Press. p. 140. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-85022-3 .
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Kulke, Hermann (2004). A history of India . Routledge. p. 205. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-415-32920-0 .
  34. ↑ Schimmel, Annemarie (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art, and Culture . Reaktion Books. p.  88 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-86189-185-3 .
  35. ↑ Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press. p. 288. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-56603-2 .
  36. ↑ Elgood, Robert (1995). Firearms of the Islamic World . I.B. Tauris. p. 135. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-85043-963-9 .
  37. ↑ Gommans, Jos (2002). Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500?1700 . Routledge. p. 134. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-415-23988-2 .
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals . Penguin Books India. pp. 118?124. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-14-100143-2 .
  39. ↑ Majumdar 1974 , ?. 104
  40. ↑ Chandra 2007 , ?. 226?227
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Chandra 2007 , ?. 227
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press. pp. 9?13. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-56603-2 .
  43. ↑ ??????????:New Cambridge History of Islam
  44. ↑ 44.00 44.01 44.02 44.03 44.04 44.05 44.06 44.07 44.08 44.09 44.10 Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press. pp. 14?15. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-56603-2 .
  45. ↑ Smith 2002 , ?. 339
  46. ↑ Chandra 2007 , ?. 228
  47. ↑ 47.00 47.01 47.02 47.03 47.04 47.05 47.06 47.07 47.08 47.09 Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals . Penguin Books India. pp. 140?141. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-14-100143-2 .
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press. pp. 17?21. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-56603-2 .
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part II . Har-Anand Publications. pp. 105?106. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-81-241-1066-9 .
  50. ↑ Irfan, Lubna. "The Woman Whose Downfall Nearly Killed Akbar" . TheWire . ????????????? ???? 11 May 2020 .
  51. ↑ Chandra 2007 , ?. 231
  52. ↑ Smith 2002 , ?. 342
  53. ↑ Chandra, Satish (2001). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part I . Har-Anand Publications. p. 107. ??????????? ?????????? ???   81-241-0522-7 .
  54. ↑ Payne, Tod (1994). Tod's Annals of Rajasthan: The Annals of Mewar . ?????? ????????? ????????? . p. 71. ??????????? ?????????? ???   81-206-0350-8 .
  55. ↑ Eraly, Abraham (2007). The Mughal World . Penguin Books India. p. 11. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-14-100143-2 .
  56. ↑ 56.00 56.01 56.02 56.03 56.04 56.05 56.06 56.07 56.08 56.09 56.10 56.11 56.12 56.13 Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals . Penguin Books India. pp. 143?147. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-14-100143-2 .
  57. ↑ Hastings, James (2003). Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 10 . Kessinger Publishing . ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-7661-3682-5 .
  58. ↑ "Rana Pratap Singh | Indian ruler" . Encyclopædia Britannica .
  59. ↑ Chandra 2007 , ?. 232
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-56603-2 .
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 61.5 61.6 Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals . Penguin Books India. pp. 148?154. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-14-100143-2 .
  62. ↑ Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals . The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 170. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-61530-201-7 .
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 "The Age of Akbar" . columbia.edu . ????????????? ???? 31 May 2013 .
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 64.5 Dani, Ahmad Hasan Dani; Chahryar Adle; Irfan Habib (2002). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century . UNESCO. pp. 276?277. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-92-3-102719-2 .
  65. ↑ 65.00 65.01 65.02 65.03 65.04 65.05 65.06 65.07 65.08 65.09 65.10 Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press. pp. 49?51. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-56603-2 .
  66. ↑ Markovitz, Claude (2002). A History of Modern India: 1480?1950 . Anthem Press. p. 93. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-84331-004-4 .
  67. ↑ 67.00 67.01 67.02 67.03 67.04 67.05 67.06 67.07 67.08 67.09 Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals . Penguin Books India. pp. 156?157. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-14-100143-2 .
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Mehta, J. L. (1984) [First published 1981]. Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India . Vol. II (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers. p. 258. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-81-207-1015-3 . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   1008395679 .
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 Floor, Willem; Edmund Herzig (2012). Iran and the World in the Safavid Age . I.B. Tauris. p. 136. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-85043-930-1 .
  70. ↑ Smith 1917 , ?. 274.
  71. ↑ Gibbs, J. (1865). Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal . Calcutta. pp. 4?5.
  72. ↑ Adibah, Sulaiman (December 2017). "Akbar (1556?1605) and India unification under the mughals" (in en). ResearchGate 8 (12) . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322752022 . ??????? ????: 31 January 2021 .  
  73. ↑ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History . Primus Books. pp. 164, 188. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-93-80607-34-4 .
  74. ↑ Chandra 2007 , ?. 233
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Chandra 2007 , ?. 234
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Chandra 2007 , ?. 236
  77. ↑ Moosvi 2008 , ?. 160
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Chandra 2007 , ?. 235
  79. ↑ Moosvi 2008 , ?. 164?165
  80. ↑ Moosvi 2008 , ?. 165
  81. ↑ Smith 2002 , ?. 359
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Chandra 2007 , ?. 238
  83. ↑ Chandra 2007 , ?. 237
  84. ↑ Chandra 2007 , ?. 231
  85. ↑ Petersen, A. (1996). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture . New York: Routledge.
  86. ↑ "Economic and Social Developments under the Mughals" . columbia.edu . ????????????? ???? 30 May 2013 .
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Levi, S. C. (2002). The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade: 1550?1900 . Brill. p. 39. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-90-04-12320-5 .
  88. ↑ Collier, Dirk (2011). The Emperor's writings: Memories of Akbar the great . p.  326 .
  89. ↑ "Mughal Coins ? Akbar" . indian-coins.com . ????????????? ???? 20 July 2020 .
  90. ↑ "Coins of Akbar | Mintage World" . 29 July 2016 . ????????????? ???? 20 July 2020 .
  91. ↑ Habib 1997 , ?. 256
  92. ↑ Dodwell, Henry H., ed. (1929). The Cambridge history of the British Empire . Vol. IV. Cambridge: The University Press. p. 14. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   1473561 .
  93. ↑ Habib 1997 , ?. 256?257
  94. ↑ Habib 1997 , ?. 259
  95. ↑ Frances Pritchett. "XVI. Mughal Administration" . Columbia.edu . ????????????? ???? 18 January 2014 .
  96. ↑ Frances Pritchett. "XIX. A Century of Political Decline: 1707?1803" . Columbia.edu . ????????????? ???? 18 January 2014 .
  97. ↑ Habib 1997 , ?. 260
  98. ↑ Akbar's letter of invitation in John Correia-Afonso, Letters from the Mughal Court , Bombay, 1980.
  99. ↑ du Jarric, Pierre (1926). Akbar and the Jesuits . Broadway Travellers. Translated by Payne, C. H. London: Harper & Brothers.
  100. ↑ N. R. Farooqi (1996). "Six Ottoman Documents on Mughal-Ottoman Relations During The Reign of Akbar" . Journal of Islamic Studies 7 (1): 32. doi : 10.1093/jis/7.1.32 . http://jis.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/1/32.extract . ??????? ????: 18 January 2014 .  
  101. ↑ Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1 June 1994). "Book Reviews: Naimur Rahman Farooqi, Mughal-Ottoman Relations: A Study of the Political and Diplomatic Relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556?1748, Delhi" . The Indian Economic & Social History Review 31 (2): 249. doi : 10.1177/001946469403100210 . http://ier.sagepub.com/content/31/2/249.extract . ??????? ????: 18 January 2014 .  
  102. ↑ Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556?1748 . Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   20894584 .
  103. ↑ Moosvi 2008 , ?. 246
  104. ↑ Ottoman court chroniclers (1578). Muhimme Defterleri, Vol. 32 f 292 firman 740, Shaban 986 .
  105. ↑ Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1999). Akbar and his age . Northern Book Centre. p. 218. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-81-7211-108-3 .
  106. ↑ Farooqi, N. R. (21 March 2017). "An Overview of Ottoman Archival Documents and Their Relevance for Medieval Indian History" (in en). The Medieval History Journal 20 : 192?229. doi : 10.1177/0971945816687687 .  
  107. ↑ Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556?1748 . Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   20894584 .
  108. ↑ Faroqhi 2006 , ?. 88
  109. ↑ Faroqhi 2006 , ?. 138
  110. ↑ Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (1989). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556?1748 . Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???   20894584 .
  111. ↑ Majumdar 1984 , ?. 158
  112. ↑ Ottoman court chroniclers (1588). Muhimme Defterleri, Vol. 62 f 205 firman 457, Avail Rabiulavval 996 .
  113. ↑ Ali 2006 , ?. 94
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 Majumdar 1984 , ?. 153
  115. ↑ Ali 2006 , ?. 327?328
  116. ↑ Majumdar 1984 , ?. 154
  117. ↑ Majumdar 1984 , ?. 154?155
  118. ↑ Majumdar 1984 , ?. 153?154
  119. ↑ Ali 2006 , ?. 327
  120. ↑ Majumdar 1984 , ?. 155
  121. ↑ Smith 1917 , ?. 292
  122. ↑ Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 1 by Donald F. Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley p. 393 [1]
  123. ↑ Irfan Habib (September?October 1992). "Akbar and Technology". Social Scientist 20 (9?10): 3?15. doi : 10.2307/3517712 .  
  124. ↑ Richards, John F. (1996). The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press. p. 35. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-521-56603-2 .
  125. ↑ Jahangir (1600s). Tuzk-e-Jahangiri (Memoirs of Jahangir) .
  126. ↑ Codrington, K. de B. (March 1943). "Portraits of Akbar, the Great Mughal (1542?1605)". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 82 (480): 64?67.  
  127. ↑ Garbe, Richard von (1909). Akbar, Emperor of India . Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company.
  128. ↑ Habib 1997 , ?. 79
  129. ↑ Majumdar 1984 , ?. 170

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