Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
Mwanamume
wa jamii ya Wasani.
Wakushi
waliwarithisha Wasani weupe wa
ngozi
yao
[1]
[2]
.
Wasani
(au
Wakhoisan
kutoka
Kiingereza
:
Khoisan
/?k??s?ːn/, au
Khoe-S?n
, tamka [kx?oesaːn], kulingana na
othografia
ya kisasa ya Khoekhoegowab) ni
kundi
la
makabila
ya
Afrika Mashariki
na
Kusini mwa Afrika
ambayo ndio wakazi
asili
wa maeneo hayo, na ambayo yanachanga
sura
na
lugha
kwa kiasi kikubwa, tofauti na
Wabantu
ambao siku hizi ndio wakazi wake walio wengi.
[3]
Wasani wengi ndio wazao wa moja kwa moja wa mtawanyiko wa mapema sana wa
wanadamu
wa kisasa hadi Kusini mwa Afrika kabla ya miaka 150,000 iliyopita ambapo walifika katika
Zama za Mwanzo za Mawe
.
[4]
Wengi wao zaidi walimezwa na makabila ya Kibantu, kwa mfano
Watswana
na
Waxhosa
.
Nchini
Tanzania
, waliobaki wa jamii hiyo wanaitwa
Wasandawe
.
Huko Kusini mwa Afrika wanaishi hasa
Namibia
(ambapo Wakhoekhoe wa makabila ya
Wanama
na
Wadamara
ni makabila yaliyoenea),
Botswana
na
Afrika Kusini
, lakini pia
Angola
,
Zambia
,
Zimbabwe
,
Lesotho
.
Baadhi ("San", kwa
Kiingereza
Bushmen
; neno San linatokana na lugha ya Khoekhoe likimaanisha "wale wanaookota vitu kutoka ardhini", yaani ambao hawamiliki mifugo. Ingawa kuna kosmologia na lugha zinazohusishwa na mtindo huu wa maisha, neno hili ni kiwakilishi cha kiuchumi badala ya kitamaduni au kikabila) wamedumisha zaidi taratibu za
utamaduni
wao kama
wawindaji-wakusanyaji
, baadhi ("Khoi", yaani "watu", kwa
Kiingereza
Hottentots
) wameiga
ufugaji
wa makabila ya
Kikushi
na ya
Kibantu
yaliyovamia maeneo yao si zaidi ya miaka 3,000 iliyopita, takriban kati ya miaka 1,500 na 2,000 iliyopita.
Ma
chotara
wengi wa leo Kusini mwa Afrika wana
asili
ya
baba
Mzungu
na
mama
Khoi.
Lugha zao leo zimegawanyika katika angalau familia tatu za lugha tofauti na zisizohusiana: Khoe-Kwadi, Tuu na Kx?a.
- ↑
Pontus Skoglund et al.
"Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure"
,
Cell
, 2017
- ↑
Excerpt from
The 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (2017)
- ↑
Barnard, Alan (1992)
Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa: A Comparative Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples
. New York; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
- ↑
Their total numbers are estimated at roughly 300,000 Khoikhoi and 90,000 San: 200k Nama people (2010): Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). 100k Damara people (1996): James Stuart Olson, ≪ Damara ≫ in The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, p. 137. 50-60k San people in Botswana (2010): Anaya, James (2 June 2010). Addendum ? The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana (PDF) (Report). United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2.
- Barnard, Alan (2004) Mutual Aid and the Foraging Mode of Thought: Re-reading Kropotkin on the Khoisan.
Social Evolution & History
3/1: 3?21.
- Coon, Carleton: The Living Races of Man (1965)
- Diamond, Jared
(1999).
Guns, Germs, and Steel
. New York:
W.W. Norton & Company
.
ISBN
0-393-31755-2
Kigezo:Inconsistent citations
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (
link
)
.
- Hogan, C. Michael (2008)
"Makgadikgadi"
at Burnham, A. (editor)
The Megalithic Portal
- Lee, Richard B.
(1979),
The !Kung San: Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Smith, Andrew; Malherbe, Candy; Guenther, Mat and Berens, Penny (2000),
Bushmen of Southern Africa: Foraging Society in Transition.
Athens: Ohio University Press.
ISBN 0-8214-1341-4
- Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall
(1958, 1989)
The Harmless People.
- Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall
(2006).
The Old Way: A Story of the First People.
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