Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
Uchawi
(kwa
Kiingereza
"Witchcraft") ni
nguvu
zinazotumiwa na watu wenye maarifa maalumu yasiyo ya
kisayansi
katika
jamii
nyingi
duniani
(zikiwemo za
Afrika
,
Asia
,
Ulaya
n.k.), ingawa kuna tofauti nyingi kulingana na mahali au utamaduni.
Lengo lake ni kujaribu
bahati
ya mtu na kujilinda na maadui wengine ki
mazingara
, au kwa ajili ya kujifurahisha, japo wenye
imani
potofu hulichukulia maanani na kupandikiza chuki kwa ndugu jamaa hata jirani kuwa ni mchawi.
Kwa mujibu wa
vitabu
vya
dini
uwezo na nguvu zote za asili ni za
Muumba
wa
mbingu
na
ardhi
na vyote vilivyomo, hivyo yeye anampa
mwanadamu
uwezo kadiri tofautitofauti kama apendavyo, kwa maana uwezo huo hufanya
kazi
katika hali ya kubahatisha, yaani ni bahati, hakuna mwenye
mamlaka
ya kuongoza uwezo huo wa asili ila
Mwenyezi Mungu
.
Kadiri ya dini mbalimbali watu wote wanaotumia nguvu hizo za asili katika hali (hasi) wapo kinyume na
Mungu
Muumbaji
wa
mbingu
na
dunia
, hawajui kuwa yeye ndiye mwanzilishi wa nguvu zote za asili ikiwa ni pamoja na wanadamu.
Elimu
pia inaweza kusaidia kuondoa imani hizo kwani hata baadhi ya
madhehebu
ya dini zinachochea kuziamini imani hizo. Wasomi wa
karne ya 21
wanapinga imani hizo potofu ambazo zimesababisha
mateso
kwa
wazee
wasio na hatia hasa
vijijini
wakishtumiwa uchawi. Tena kumekuwa na mafarakano na
chuki
katika jamii na
familia
mbalimbali kwa ajili ya imani ya uchawi; kwa mfano, watu kuuana, kuharibiana
mali
na
mifugo
kwa kuhisiana uchawi kwa sababu ya watu waliopandikizwa imani za kishirikina.
Serikali
ya
Tanzania
imetumia jitihada zaidi pamoja na kuelimisha wananchi hasa kutokana na suala la imani potofu na tafsiri mbaya ya uchawi ambayo imepelekea watu takribani 5000 kupoteza
uhai
toka mwaka
1961
kutokana na mateso, kuchomewa
nyumba
na vibanda katika
mikoa
ya
Tabora
,
Kigoma
,
Shinyanga
na mikoa mingine; ni vilevile katika sehemu mbalimbali za
Afrika ya Mashariki
na
ya Kati
. Mwaka
2008
Rais
wa Tanzania
Jakaya Kikwete
alilaani uchawi kama chanzo cha
mauaji ya maalbino
25. Imani hizo potofu ni maarufu hata kwa viongozi japo kwa
siri
.
Tazama pia
Marejeo
Marejeo mengine
- Ashforth, Adam (2000).
Madumo, A Man Bewitched
. University of Chicago Press.
ISBN
978-0-226-02971-9
.
- Boyer, Paul and Stephen Nissenbaum, eds.
The Salem Witchcraft Papers: Verbatim Transcripts of the Legal Documents of the Salem Witchcraft Outbreak of 1692, Volumes I and II
. New York: De Capo Press, 1977.
- Kigezo:Cite thesis
- Favret-Saada, Jeanne (Desemba 1980).
Deadly Words: Witchcraft in the Bocage
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-29787-5
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Favret-Saada, Jeanne (2009).
Desorceler
. L'Olivier.
ISBN
978-2-87929-639-5
.
- Gaskill, Malcolm. "Masculinity and Witchcraft in Seventeenth-century England." In
Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe
, edited by Alison Rowlands, 171-190. New York: Palgrave-McMillan, 2009.
- Geschiere, Peter (1997) [Translated from French Edition (1995 Karthala)].
The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa = Sorcellerie Et Politique En Afrique ? la viande des autres
. University of Virginia Press.
ISBN
978-0-8139-1703-0
.
- Ginzburg, Carlo
; Translated by Raymond Rosenthal (Juni 2004) [Originally published in Italy as Storia Notturna (1989 Giulio Einaudi)].
Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath
. University of Chicago Press.
ISBN
978-0-226-29693-7
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Hall, David, ed.
Witch-hunting in Seventeenth-century New England: A Documentary History, 1638-1692
. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1991.
- Henderson, Lizanne
,
Witch-Hunting and Witch Belief in the Gaidhealtachd
, Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland Eds. Julian Goodare, Lauren Martin and Joyce Miller. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007
- Hutton, Ronald (1999)
The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft
, Oxford, OUP.
- Hyatt, Harry Middleton.
Hoodoo, conjuration, witchcraft, rootwork: beliefs accepted by many Negroes and white persons, these being orally recorded among Blacks and whites.
s.n., 1970.
- Kent, Elizabeth. "Masculinity and Male Witches in Old and New England."
History Workshop
60 (2005): 69-92.
- Lindquist, Galina (2006).
Conjuring Hope: Magic and Healing In Contemporary Russia
. Berghahn Books.
ISBN
978-1-84545-057-1
. Iliwekwa mnamo
20 Mei
2013
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- Levack, Brian P. ed.
The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America
(2013)
excerpt and text search
- Moore, Henrietta L. and Todd Sanders 2001.
Magical Interpretations, Material Realities: Modernity, Witchcraft and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa
London: Routledge.
- Notestein, Wallace. A history of witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718. New York : Crowell, 1968
- Pentikainen, Juha. "Marnina Takalo as an Individual." C.
JSTOR
. 26 February 2007.
- Pentikainen, Juha. "The Supernatural Experience." F. Jstor. 26 February 2007.
- Pocs, Eva
(1999).
Between the Living and the Dead: A perspective on Witches and Seers in the Early Modern Age
. Budapest: Central European University Press.
ISBN
963-9116-19-X
.
- Ruickbie, Leo (2004)
Witchcraft out of the Shadows: A History
, London, Robert Hale.
- Stark, Ryan J. "Demonic Eloquence," in
Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England
(Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2009), 115-45.
- Williams, Howard
(1865).
The Superstitions of Witchcraft
.
London
:
Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green
.
- Worobec, Caroline. "Witchcraft Beliefs and Practices in Prerevolutionary Russia and Ukrainian Villages." Jstor. 27 February 2007.
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