?уришна пушка
или
аутоматска пушка
?е
аутоматско оруж?е
велике ватрене мо?и, великог капацитета и мале тежине.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Де?ству?е ?единачно или аутоматски. Код неких модела поред ова два начина де?ства, раздва?ач па?бе нуди и тре?е: кратким рафалом.
?уришна пушка данас представ?а уобича?ено пешади?ско оруж?е. Користи такозвану сред?у пушчану
муници?у
малог
калибра
и велике почетне брзине, ко?а има ве?е барутно пу?е?е од
пишто?ске
али ма?е од
пушчане
и
митра?еске
. Функционише на принципу поз?амице барутних гасова. Битна одлика свих ?уришних пушака ?е рукохват у стилу пишто?а интегрисан са обарачом, ко?и омогу?ава бо?у контролу оруж?а и ве?у стабилност при рафално? па?би. Карактерише ?е брзо изме?иви оквир, ре?е добош, великог капацитета, обично око 25 до 35 метака.
Оквир ?е на?чеш?е испред рукохвата и механизма за окида?е, мада код неких пушака може бити и иза. У том случа?у се ради о
булпап
конфигураци?и. Ова конфигураци?а омогу?ава оруж?у да буде релативно кратко, а да при томе задржи дугу цев, што омогу?ава ве?у прецизност и почетну брзину зрна. Оквир се код ове врсте пушака налази у
кундаку
оруж?а.
?уришна пушка ?е наме?ена за де?ства на да?инама од око 400 метара, а на?бо?и резултати се постижу кратким рафалима.
Термин
?уришна пушка
се генерално припису?е
Адолфу Хитлеру
, ко?и ?е користио немачку реч
Sturmgewehr
(ко?а се преводи као ??уришна пушка“) као нови назив за МП 43 (
Maschinenpistole
), касни?е познат као
Штурмгевер 44
.
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
Савезничка пропаганда ?е сугерисала да ?е име изабрано у пропагандне сврхе, али ?е главна сврха била да се Штурмгевер разлику?е од немачких митра?еза као што ?е
МП 40
.
[17]
Ме?утим, сугерисано ?е да ?е
Heereswaffenamt
одговоран за име
Стурмгевехр
, и да Хитлер ни?е имао никакав допринос осим што ?е потписао
производни налог
.
[18]
[17]
Штавише, Хитлер се у почетку противио иде?и о ново? пешади?ско? пушци, пошто Немачка ни?е имала индустри?ски капацитет да замени 12.000.000
Карабинер 98к
пушака ко?е су ве? биле у употреби, само се предомислио када ?е то видео из прве руке.
[19]
СтГ 44 се генерално сматра првом
селективном
во?ном пушком ко?а ?е популаризовала концепт ?уришне пушке.
[6]
[7]
Данас се термин
?уришна пушка
користи да дефинише ватрено оруж?е ко?е дели исте основне карактеристике као СтГ 44.
[6]
[7]
Во?ска САД
дефинише ?уришне пушке као ?кратко, компактно оруж?е селективне па?бе ко?е испа?у?е кaтри? сред?е снаге изме?у митра?еза и пушака“.
[20]
Попут Немаца, на Сов?ете ?е утицало искуство ко?е показу?е да се ве?ина борбених сукоба одви?а у кругу од 400 m (1.300 ft) и да су ?ихови во?ници били стално над?ачани од стране тешко наоружаних немачких трупа, посебно оних наоружаних ?уришним пушкама Стурмгевер 44.
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
Дана 15. ?ула 1943. године пред
Народним комесари?атом оруж?а СССР-а
демонстриран ?е Штурмгевер.
[27]
Сов?ети су били толико импресионирани Штурмгевером, да су одмах почели да разви?а?у сопствену аутоматску пушку сред?ег калибра, ко?а ?е заменити веома застареле пушке
Мосин-Наган
и пушкомитра?езе
Шпагин ППш-41
ко?и су наоружавали ве?ину Црвене арми?е.
[7]
[24]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
Сов?ети су убрзо развили картри? М43 калибра
7,62×39 mm
, ко?и ?е први пут кориш?ен у полуаутоматском карабину
СКС
и лаком митра?езу
РПД
.
[30]
Хуго Шма?сер
, конструктор Штурмгевера, зароб?ен ?е после Другог светског рата и помогао ?е у разво?у ?уришне пушке АК-47,
[19]
ко?а ?е брзо заменити СКС и Мосина у сов?етско? служби.
[31]
[32]
АК-47 ?е финализован, усво?ен и ушао у широку употребу у сов?етско? во?сци почетком 1950-их.
[21]
?егова ватрена мо?, лако?а употребе, ниски трошкови производ?е и поузданост били су савршено прикладни за нове доктрине
мобилног ратова?а
Црвене арми?е.
[21]
Шездесетих година 20. века, Сов?ети су представили лаки митра?ез
РПК
, ко?и ?е и сам био оруж?е типа АК-47 са
двоношцем
, ?ачим при?емником и дужом, тежом цеви, ко?и ?е на кра?у заменити лаки митра?ез РПД.
[30]
На АК-47 оруж?у се континуирано радило и побо?шавало.
АКМ
,
АК-74
и
АК-12
?е диза?нирао
Михаил Калаш?иков
, и све су биле
службене пушке
у Сов?етском Савезу и касни?о?
Руско? федераци?и
.
АК-47 се нашироко испоручивао или продавао државама савезницима СССР-а, а нацрти су де?ени са неколико при?ате?ских наци?а (
Народна Република Кина
се ме?у ?има издва?а са
Типом 56
).
[21]
Као резултат тога, произведено ?е више оруж?а типа АК од свих осталих ?уришних пушака за?едно.
[33]
Од 2004. године, ?од проце?ених 500 милиона комада ватреног оруж?а широм света, око 100 милиона припада породици Калаш?иков, од ко?их су три четвртине АК-47”.
[33]
АК-47
(
Руси?а
) и
М16
(
САД
) су на?познати?и примери ?уришних пушака. Од других, познати су
FN F2000
,
H&K G36
,
FAMAS
,
Steyr AUG
,
SIG SG 550
,
FN FNC
,
ИМИ Галил
,
АК-74
...
У Срби?и
Застава оруж?е
производи више типова ?уришних пушака калибра 7,62×39 mm, 5,56×45 mm и 7,62×51 mm НАТО, заснованих на предлошку АК-47. На?распростра?ени?и су модели
М70
и
М21
.
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?US Army intelligence document FSTC-CW-07-03-70, November 1970”
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?AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention.”
. USA:
FoxNews.com
. 6. 7. 2007.
OCLC
36334372
. Архивирано из
оригинала
3. 6. 2010. г
. Приступ?ено
3. 4. 2010
. ?
"It was before he started designing the gun that he slept badly, worried about the superior weapons that Nazi soldiers were using with grisly effectiveness against the Red Army in World War II. He saw them at close range himself while fighting on the front lines. While hospitalized with wounds after a Nazi shell hit his tank in the 1941 battle of Bryansk, Kalashnikov decided to design an automatic rifle combining the best features of the American M1 and the German StG44. "Blame the Nazi Germans for making me become a gun designer", said Kalashnikov, frail but sharp at age 87. "I always wanted to construct agriculture machinery."
”
- ^
?An interview with Mikhail Kalashnikov”
.
Архивирано
из оригинала 1. 10. 2016. г
. Приступ?ено
8. 7. 2016
. ?
"Born in November 1919?one of 18 children, of whom only six survived?Mikhail Kalashnikov was a Soviet T-38 tank commander in 1941, wounded in the shoulder and back when a German shell smashed part of the tank's armor into his body. "I was in the hospital, and a soldier in the bed beside me asked: 'Why do our soldiers have only one rifle for two or three of our men, when the Germans have automatics?' So I designed one. I was a soldier, and I created a machine gun for a soldier. It was called an Avtomat Kalashnikova, the automatic weapon of Kalashnikov?AK?and it carried the date of its first manufacture, 1947." An interview with Mikhail Kalashnikov, Robert Fisk, The Independent (centrist), London, England. April 22, 2001.
”
- ^
а
б
http://armedforcesmuseum.com/ak-47-assault-rifle/
Архивирано
2013-06-16 на са?ту
Archive.today
| Armed Forces History Museum, AK-47 assault rifle
- ^
Chapter 1. Symbol of violence, war and culture
Архивирано
?ун 16, 2012 на са?ту
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а
б
http://pogoarchives.org/labyrinth/09/02.pdf
Архивирано
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Wayback Machine
M16 Rifle Case Study. Prepared for the President's Blue Ribbon Defense Panel. March 16, 1970. By Richard R. Hallock, Colonel U.S. Army (Retired) "Used in quantity against the Soviets at Stalingrad, the German Sturmgewehr made a deep impression on the Russians. They copied the ballistics of the cartridge while improving the configuration and improving the weapon. They standardized the weapon in 1947 as the AK-47 rifle."
- ^
а
б
http://english.pravda.ru/history/02-08-2003/3461-kalashnikov-0/
Архивирано
2015-10-15 на са?ту
Wayback Machine
"The history of the world-known gun started on July 15th, 1943, when a captured complex?an MP-43 gun and a cartridge?were demonstrated at a meeting of the arms committee. Chief designer Nikolay Elizarov and chief engineer Pavel Ryazanov created the Soviet "interim cartridge " within a very short period of time. The technological support was provided by Boris Syomin. After that, scientists started working on a new fire arms system for that cartridge." The History of Kalashnikov Gun. Pravda. 02.08.2003
- ^
?Mikhail Kalashnikov: The Father of 100 Million Rifles”
. 25. 12. 2013.
Архивирано
из оригинала 15. 8. 2016. г
. Приступ?ено
8. 7. 2016
. ?
"Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Kalashnikov, by then a sergeant, was injured within months when a shell stopped his T-34 tank and sent shrapnel through his shoulder. As Soviet history tells it, while Sgt. Kalashnikov recuperated, he began tinkering with infantry weapons, eventually setting his mind on designing a lightweight automatic assault rifle that would expel the better-armed Nazis from Russian soil. Soviet infantry fought World War II with two basic small arms: one was the badly outdated Mosin?Nagant Model 1891 bolt-action rifle. The other was the PPSh series of submachine guns, reliable arms that were effective but only at short range. Something better was needed, and that something was in the hands of the Nazi Wehrmacht. It was called the MP44 Sturmgewehr (assault rifle), and it could fire in full or semiautomatic mode. Chambered for a revolutionary new cartridge, a short 7.92mm round that was less powerful than a full-size rifle cartridge, yet far more powerful than the pistol cartridges for which submachine guns were chambered, the Sturmgewehr made a deep impression on the Soviets who faced it." The Father of 100 Million Rifles Mikhail Kalashnikov was a poor Russian farm boy who happened to be a mechanical genius, and for better or for worse, the rifle he designed has changed history. Article by C.J. Chivers. Uploaded on February 28, 2006
”
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Interview with AK-47 rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov. 'I sleep soundly' Shamed by his parents' exile, he was determined to do his bit for the Soviet cause. And so Mikhail Kalashnikov invented what was to become the world's most prolific killing machine. Nick Paton Walsh tracks down the 83-year-old at his tranquil lakeside. by Nick Paton Walsh.
The Guardian
, Thursday 9 October 2003
- ^
?Interview with AK-47 rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov. Russia celebrates Mikhail Kalashnikov's 90th birthday ? the designer who armed the world. This online supplement is produced and published by
Rossiyskaya Gazeta
(Russia), which takes sole responsibility for the content.”
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