Zoogjeografia

Zoogjeografia eshte dege e shkences se biogjeografise qe merret me shperndarjen gjeografike (te tashmen dhe te shkuaren) te specieve shtazore .

Veshtrim [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

Si nje fushe studimi e shumeanshme, zoogjeografia perfshin metoda te biologjise molekulare, gjenetikes, morfologjise, filogjenetikes dhe Sistemeve te Informacionit Gjeografik (GIS) per te percaktuar ngjarjet evolucionare brenda rajoneve te percaktuara te studimit anembane globit. Sic propozohet nga Alfred Russel Wallace, i njohur si babai i zoogjeografise, afinitetet filogjenetike mund te percaktohen ne sasi midis rajoneve zoogjeografike, duke sqaruar me tej fenomenet qe rrethojne shperndarjet gjeografike te organizmave dhe duke shpjeguar marredheniet evolucionare te taksave. ^[1]

Perparimet ne biologjine molekulare dhe teorine e evolucionit brenda kerkimit zoologjik kane zberthyer pyetjet ne lidhje me ngjarjet e speciacionit dhe kane zgjeruar marredheniet filogjenike midis taksave. ^[2] Integrimi i filogjenetikes me GIS ofron nje mjet per te komunikuar origjinen evolucionare permes dizajnit hartografik. Hulumtime te lidhura qe lidhin filogjenetiken dhe GIS jane kryer ne zonat e Oqeanit Atlantik jugor, Mesdheut dhe Paqesor. Risite e fundit ne bar-kodimin e ADN-se, per shembull, kane lejuar shpjegime te marredhenieve filogjenetike brenda dy familjeve te peshqve helmues detare, scorpaenidae dhe tetraodontidae, qe banojne ne detin Andaman. ^[3] Perpjekjet e vazhdueshme per te kuptuar divergjencen evolucionare te specieve te artikuluara ne shkallen kohore gjeologjike bazuar ne te dhenat fosile per peshqit vrases ( Aphanius dhe Aphanolebias ) ne zonat e Mesdheut dhe zonat e Paratethys zbuluan ndikime klimatologjike gjate Miocenit ^[4] Zhvillimi i metejshem i kerkimit ne zoo njohuri per produktivitetin e rajoneve te oqeanit Atlantik Jugor dhe shperndarjen e organizmave ne rajone analoge, duke ofruar te dhena ekologjike dhe gjeografike per te ofruar nje kornize per marredheniet taksonomike dhe degezimin evolucionar te polikaeteve bentik. ^[5]

Zoogjeografia moderne gjithashtu mbeshtetet ne GIS per te integruar nje kuptim me te sakte dhe model parashikues te dinamikes se popullsise se kaluar, aktuale dhe te ardhshme te specieve shtazore si ne toke ashtu edhe ne oqean. Nepermjet perdorimit te teknologjise GIS, lidhjet midis faktoreve abiotike te habitatit si topografia, gjeresia gjeografike, gjatesia, temperaturat dhe niveli i detit mund te sherbejne per te shpjeguar shperndarjen e popullatave te specieve pergjate kohes gjeologjike. Kuptimi i korrelacioneve te formimit te habitatit dhe modeleve te migrimit te organizmave ne nje nivel ekologjik lejon shpjegime te ngjarjeve te specieve qe mund te kene lindur per shkak te ngjarjeve te izolimit fizik gjeografik ose perfshirjes se refugjive te reja per te mbijetuar ne kushte te pafavorshme mjedisore ^[6] ^[7] ^[8]

Shih edhe [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

Literatura [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

Woodward, Samuel Pickworth. A Manual of the Mollusca; or a Rudimentary Treatise of Recent and Fossil Shells . 3 parts. London, 1851-56,
Murray, A. 1866. The Geographical Distribution of Mammals . London: Day and Son,
Blith, E. (1871): A suggested new division of the earth into zoological regions. Nature 3: 427
Allen, J. A. 1871. On the mammals and winter birds of East Florida. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 2:161?450.
Heilprin, A. 1887. The geographical and geological distribution of animals. New York: Appleton,
Newton, A. (1893). Article on Geographical Distribution in the Dictionary of Birds , p. 311. London,
Gadow, H. 1893. Vogel. II. Systematischer Theil. In H. G. Bronn (ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs , vol. 6. Leipzig: C. F. Winter,
Bodenheimer, F.S. (1935). Animal life in Palestine . An introduction to the problems of animal ecology and zoogeography . L. Mayer: Jerusalem. 506 p.
Ekman, Sven (1953). Zoogeography of the sea . London, Sidgwick and Jackson. 417 p.
Sclater, P.L. (1858). On the general geographical distribution of the members of the class Aves. J. Proc. Linnean Soc. Zool. 2: 130?145,
Wallace A.R. 1876. The geographical distribution of animals . Macmillan, London,
Cox, C. B. (2001). The biogeographic regions reconsidered. Journal of Biogeography , 28: 511-523,
Holt, B. G., et al. (2013). An update of Wallace’s zoogeographic regions of the world. Science , vol. 339, no. 6115, pp. 74-78.
Cox, C. B., Moore, P.D. & Ladle, R. J. 2016. Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach . 9th edition. John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, p. 12

Referime [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

^ Holt, B. G., et al. (2013). An update of Wallace’s zoogeographic regions of the world. Science, vol. 339, no. 6115, pp. 74-78.
^ Taylor, E. B., McPhail, J.D., 1998. Evolutionary history of an adaptive radiation species in pairs of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosterus): insights from mitochondrial DNA. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 66: 271-291.
^ Sachithanandam, V., Mohan, P.M., Muruganandam, N., 2015. DNA barcoding of marine venomous and poisonous fish of families Scorpaenidae and Tetraodontidae from Andaman waters. Ecology and Conservation: 351-372.
^ Reichenbacher, B., Kowalke, T., 2009. Neogene and present-day zoogeography of killifishes (Aphanius and Aphanolebias) in the Mediterranean and Paratethys areas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 281: 43-56.
^ Fiege, D., Ramey, P.A., Ebbe, B., 2010. Diversity and distributional patterns of Polychaeta in the deep South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research I.57:1329-1344.
^ Taylor, E. B., McPhail, J.D., 1998. Evolutionary history of an adaptive radiation species in pairs of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosterus): insights from mitochondrial DNA. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 66: 271-291.Palumbi, S.R., 1996. What can molecular genetics contribute to marine biogeaography? An urchin’s tale. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 203: 75-92.
^ Schmarda L. K. 1853. Die geographische Verbreitung der Tiere . Wien, Gerold und Sohn, .
^ Ebach, M.C. (2015). Origins of biogeography. The role of biological classification in early plant and animal geography . Dordrecht: Springer, xiv + 173 pp., .

[1] Holt, B. G., et al. (2013). An update of Wallace’s zoogeographic regions of the world. Science, vol. 339, no. 6115, pp. 74-78.

[2] Taylor, E. B., McPhail, J.D., 1998. Evolutionary history of an adaptive radiation species in pairs of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosterus): insights from mitochondrial DNA. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 66: 271-291.

[3] Sachithanandam, V., Mohan, P.M., Muruganandam, N., 2015. DNA barcoding of marine venomous and poisonous fish of families Scorpaenidae and Tetraodontidae from Andaman waters. Ecology and Conservation: 351-372.

[4] Reichenbacher, B., Kowalke, T., 2009. Neogene and present-day zoogeography of killifishes (Aphanius and Aphanolebias) in the Mediterranean and Paratethys areas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 281: 43-56.

[5] Fiege, D., Ramey, P.A., Ebbe, B., 2010. Diversity and distributional patterns of Polychaeta in the deep South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research I.57:1329-1344.

[6] Taylor, E. B., McPhail, J.D., 1998. Evolutionary history of an adaptive radiation species in pairs of threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosterus): insights from mitochondrial DNA. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 66: 271-291.Palumbi, S.R., 1996. What can molecular genetics contribute to marine biogeaography? An urchin’s tale. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 203: 75-92.

[7] Schmarda L. K. 1853. Die geographische Verbreitung der Tiere . Wien, Gerold und Sohn, .

[8] Ebach, M.C. (2015). Origins of biogeography. The role of biological classification in early plant and animal geography . Dordrecht: Springer, xiv + 173 pp., .

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