Kirili ose Cirili (lindur Konstandin) (826 - 869) dhe Metodi (815 - 885) ( greqisht : Κ?ριλλο? κα? Μεθ?διο?; Sllavishtja e vjeter kishtare : К?риллъ и Ме?од?и )dy vellezer me origjine nga Greqia. Ata jane njerezit e pare te cilet hartuan alfabetin e pare te gjuheve sllave. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]}

Origjina dhe misioni [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

Kirili dhe Metodi ishin dy misionare grek nga rrethi i  Selanikut . Keta dy misionar i dergoi ne Moravi perandori  bizantin Mihajlo III, me ftesen e dukes se Moravise, Rastisllavit. Qellimi ishte per te perhapur fene e krishtere ne mes Sllaveve  politeist. Duke pasur parasysh se predikimi duhej te behej ne gjuhen e ketij populli, sepse ata do ta benin ate me te lehte per tu kuptuar dhe ne kete menyre do te pranohej me lehte, kjo forme e re e besimit. Kirilo ishte pergjegjes per te hartuar nje lloj alfabeti te ri me shkronja te reja.

Vdekja [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

Kirili dhe Metodi nuk ishin te perndjekur pergjate jetes dhe veprimtarise se tyre, mirpo pas vdekjes se tyre (Kirillo vdiq ne vitin  869 , dhe Metodi 885 ), nxenesit e tyre u debuan nga Moravia. Keshtu per here te pare u vendosen kontaktet me Sllavet e Jugut dhe ne kete menyre, permes gjuhes se vjeter sllave e perhapen edhe shkrimin e gllagolices.

Alfabetet [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

Gllagolica [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

Alfabeti dhe shkrimi i pare sllave quhej gllagolica. Me kete alfabet eshte shkruar libri i pare sllav (disa pjese  te Bibles ). Kirilo per baze te gjuhes kombetare vendosi te marre dialektin te cilin e kishte mesuar ne afersi te Selanikut. Dallimet ne mes te folmeve dhe gjuheve sllave ne ate kohe nuk ishin te medha, keshtu qe kjo gjuhe ishte me e pranueshme nga shumica dhe sot quhet gjuha e vjeter sllave ( staroslavenski jezik ).

Cirilica [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

Prifterinjte sllave me origjine nga urdhri i Shen Kirilit dhe Metodit ne fillim shkruanin me shkronjat e alfabetit gllagolice. Megjithate, njeri nga studentet e Kirilit, ndoshta Klementi i Ohrit , i cili ishte gjithashtu nje hartues i biografise se Shen Kirilit me titullin Jeta e Shen Kirilit prezantoi vepren me alfabetin cirilik. Shkrimi cirilik ishte alfabeti i dyte sllave i hartuar mbi bazen e shkronjave te alfabetit grek. Ky alfabet i ri shume shpejt e largoi gllagolicen nga perdorimi. Ai se pari u pranua ne Bullgari , por edhe ne Serbi , Rusi dhe pjeserisht ne Bosnje . Ne Bosnje, kete lloj alfabeti, sipas te gjitha gjasave e sollen  Maqedonasit .

Shih edhe [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

• Perandoria Bizantine

Bibliografia [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

• 1. Mortimer Chambers, Barbara Hanawalt, Theodore Rabb, Isser Woloch, Raymond Grew. The Western Experience with Powerweb . Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2002. University of Michigan. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-07-256544-7

... Two Christian brothers of Slavic descent, Cyril and Methodius, set out in about 862 as missionaries from the Byzantine ...

• 2. Balkan Studies , Volume 22. Hidryma Melet?n Cherson?sou tou Haimou (Thessalonik?, Greece). The Institute, 1981. Original from the University of Michigan. p. 381

... Being of Slavic descent, both of them spoke the old Slavic language fluently ...

• 3. Loring M. Danforth. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World . Princeton University Press, 1995. p. 49 ISBN 978-0-691-04356-2 .

... In the ninth century two brothers Cyril and Methodius, Macedonian educators of Slavic origin from Solun, brought literacy and Christianity to the Slavs...

• 4. Ihor ?ev?enko. Byzantium and the Slavs: In Letters and Culture' . Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1991. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-916458-12-6

... 63-68 (Cyril and Methodius were Slavs) ... There remains that argument for Cyril's and Methodius' Slavic origin which has to do with the Slavic translation of the Gospels and ...

• 5. Roland Herbert Bainton. Christianity: An American Heritage Book Series . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-618-05687-3

... Two missionaries of Slavic origin, Cyril (baptized Constantine) and Methodius, adapted the Greek alphabet and translated both the Bible and the liturgy into the Slavic tongue...

• 6. John Shea. Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation . McFarland, 1997. p. 56 . ISBN 978-0-7864-3767-2

..Byzantine emperor Michael, on the request of the Moravian prince Ratislav, decided to send Slav priests as educators, he chose the Salonika brothers Cyril and Methodius...

• 7. UNESCO Features: A Fortnightly Press Service . UNESCO. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1984. University of Michigan

... They may have been of wholly Slavic descent or of mixed Greco-Slav origin...

• 8. The Pakistan Review , Volume 19. Ferozsons Limited, 1971. University of California. p. 41

... century in Salonika, then one of the largest towns in the Byzantine Empire. The brothers were of Slav origin ...

• 9. Balkania , Volume 7. Balkania Publishing Company, 1973. Indiana University. p. 10

... Cyril and Methodius not only lived among Slavs. ... of Slavonic, which the not only spoke and understood, but in which they also wrote ? translated and composed ? and for which they invented an alphabet, is proof of their Slav origin ...

• 10. Bryce Dale Lyon, Herbert Harvey Rowen, Theodore S. Hamerow. A history of the Western World , Volume 1. Rand McNally College Pub. Co., 1974. Northwestern University. p. 239

... brothers of Slavic origin, Cyril and Methodius, who, after being ordained at Constantinople, preached the Gospel to the Slavs...

• 11. Roland Herbert Bainton. The history of Christianity. Nelson, 1964. p. 169

...Two missionaries of Slavic origin, Cyril (baptized Constantine) and Methodius, adapted the Greek alphabet and translated both the Bible and the liturgy into the Slavic tongue...

• 12. Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason. Encyclopedia of European Peoples: Facts on File library of world history . Infobase Publishing, 2006. p. 752. ISBN 978-1-4381-2918-1

... There is disagreement as to whether Cyril and his brother Methodius were Greek or Slavic, but they knew the Slavic dialect spoken in Macedonia...

• 13. Frank Andrews. Ancient Slavs' . Worzalla Publishing Company, 1976. University of Wisconsin - Madison. p. 163.

... Cyril and Methodius derived from a rich family of Salonica, perhaps of Slavic origin, but Grecized in those times. Methodius (815-885) ...

• 14. Johann Heinrich Kurtz, John Macpherson. Church History . Hodder and Stoughton, 1891. University of California. p. 431

.. Born at Thessalonica, and so probably of Slavic descent, at least acquainted with the language of the Slavs, ...

• William Leslie King. Investment and Achievement: A Study in Christian Progress . Jennings and Graham, 1913. Columbia University.

.. This man and his brother Cyril became the and Cyril apostles of the Slavic people. These two brothers seemed to have been raised up for such a mission. They were probably of Slavic descent ...

• Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition. 2001?05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."
• Encyclopædia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets , 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827?869), and St. Methodius (c. 825?884). These men were Greeks from Thessalonica who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity.
• Encyclopedia of World Cultures , David H. Levinson, 1991, p.239, s.v., "Social Science"
• Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East , p.151, 1997
• Lunt, Slavic Review , June 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies ; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies , p.98
• V.Bogdanovich, History of the ancient Serbian literature , Belgrade, 1980, p.119
• Hastings, Adrian (1997). The construction of nationhood: ethnicity, religion, and nationalism . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. fq.  126 . ISBN   0-521-62544-0 . The activity of the brothers Constantine (later renamed Cyril) and Methodius, aristocratic Greek priests who were sent from Constantinople. {{ cite book }} : Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
• Fletcher, R. A. (1999). The barbarian conversion: from paganism to Christianity . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. fq.  327 . ISBN   0-520-21859-0 . {{ cite book }} : Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
• Cizevskij, Dmitrij; Zenkovsky, Serge A.; Porter, Richard E. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures . Vanderbilt University Press. fq. vi. ISBN   0-8265-1371-9 . Two Greek brothers from Salonika, Constantine who later became a monk and took the name Cyril and Methodius. {{ cite book }} : Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
• The illustrated guide to the Bible . New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. fq.  14 . ISBN   0-19-521462-5 . In Eastern Europe, the first translations of the Bible into the Slavoruic languages were made by the Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius in the 860s {{ cite book }} : Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )
• Smalley, William Allen (1991). Translation as mission: Bible translation in the modern missionary movement . Macon, Ga.: Mercer. fq.  25 . ISBN   978-0-86554-389-8 . The most important instance where translation and the beginning church did coincide closely was in Slavonic under the brothers Cyril and Methodius, with the Bible completed by A.D. 880. This was a missionary translation but unusual again (from a modern point of view) because not a translation into the dialect spoken where the missionaries were. The brothers were Greeks who had been brought up in Macedonia. {{ cite book }} : Mungon ose eshte bosh parametri |language= ( Ndihme! )

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