Taxonavigation [ edit ]

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladi: Animalia  (regnum) - Choanomonada - Fungi (regnum) - Mesomycetozoa

Name [ edit ]

Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith, 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005

Alternative classifications [ edit ]

Vischer (1945) [ edit ]

• Vischer, W. 1945. Uber einen pilzahnlichen, autotrophen Mikroorganismus, Chlorochytridion , einige neue Protococcales und die systematische Bedeutung der Chloroplasten. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 56: 41?59. Reference page . 

Klasse Opistokontae (pulselloflagellat)

• Monadophyta
  • autotroph: Chlorochytridiales ( Chlorochytridiaceae ).
  • heterotroph: ( Craspedomonadaceae ?).
• Metaphyta
  • autotroph: -
  • heterotroph: ( Archimycetes sensu GAUMANN proparte?) Chytridiales , Blastocladiaceae , Monoblepharidacea .

Gams (1947) [ edit ]

Gams, H. (1947). Die Protochlorinae als autotrophe Vorfahren von Pilzen und Tieren? Mikroskopie , 2, 383?7, [1] . From Leadbeater (2015) and Copeland (1956).

Opistokonten

• choanoflagellates
• chytrids
• ”some uniflagellate algal monads” [Protochlorinae? Pedilomonas , Chlorochytridion ?]
• metazoans
• sporozoans

Rothmaler (1951) [ edit ]

Rothmaler, Werner. (1951). Die Abteilungen und Klassen der Pflanzen. Feddes Rep Spec Nov Reg Veg 3: 256?266, [2] , [3] .

• Protobionta Rothm. (1948) ? Protozoa Owen (1860) ? Protista Haeckel (1866) emend. Barkley (1939) ? Protoctista Hogg (1861)
  • Mycophyta Pascher (1931) ? Inophyta Haeckel (1866) ? Phaeophyta Mycophytina Rothm. (1949) [?]
    • Archimycota Rothm., nom. nov. ? Archimycetes A. Fischer (1894) ? Opisthocontae Gams (1947) ? Protochlorinae Vischer (1945) ? Opisthophyceae Rothm., nom. event. ? Archemycetae Barkley (1939)

Copeland (1956) [ edit ]

Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms . Palo Alto: Pacific Books, [4] .

• Kingdom Protoctista
  • Phylum Opisthokonta
    • Class Archimycetes
      • Order 1. Monoblepharidalea
      • Order 2. Chytridinea

Cavalier-Smith (1987) [ edit ]

Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987). The origin of fungi and pseudofungi. In: Rayner, Alan D. M. (ed.). Evolutionary biology of Fungi . Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 339?353. From Leadbeater (2015).

Opisthokonta

• choanoflagellates
• animals
• fungi

Hausmann et al. (2003) [ edit ]

From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology . Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.

Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)

• Phylum Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith & Chao, 1995
  • Subphylum Fungi Nees,1817
    • Infraphylum Chytridiomycota de Вагу, 1863
    • Infraphylum Zygomycota Barr, 1982
    • Infraphylum Eumycota Cavalier-Smith, 1998 ( Dikaryomycota )
      • Superclass Microspora Sprague, 1982
        • Class Microsporea Sprague, 1982
          • Subclass Rudimicrosporia Sprague, 1977
          • Subclass Microsporia Delphy, 1963
      • Superclass Ascomycota Berkeley, 1857
        • Class Archaeascomycota
        • Class Hemiascomycota
        • Class Euascomycota
          • Family Nephridiophagidae Sprague, 1970
      • Superclass Basidiomycota de Вагу, 1866
  • Subphylum Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981
    • Superclass Mesomycetozoa Herr et al., 1999
    • Superclass Choanoflagellata Kent, 1880
    • Infraphylum Metazoa Haeckel, 1874
      • Superclass Myxozoa Grasse, 1970

Adl et al. (2012) [ edit ]

Adl, S.M. et al. (2012). The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429?514, [5] .

Eukaryota

• Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005
  • Holozoa Lang et al. 2002 (R)
    • Filasterea Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. 2008
      • Ministeria Patterson et al. 1993, emend. Tong 1997 ( Ministeriida Cavalier-Smith, 1997)
      • Capsaspora Hertel et al. 2002 ( Capsasporidae Cavalier-Smith 2008) (M)
    • Ichthyosporea Cavalier-Smith 1998 ( Mesomycetozoea Mendoza et al. 2002)
      • Rhinosporidaceae Mendoza et al. 2001 ( Dermocystida Cavalier-Smith 1998) (R)
        • Amphibiocystidium ranae, Amphibiothecum penneri, Dermocystidium , Rhinosporidium seeberi, Sphaerothecum destruens
      • Ichthyophonae Mendoza et al. 2001 ( Ichthyophonida Cavalier-Smith 1998; Amoebidiidae Reeves 2003) (R)
        • Abeoforma whisleri, Amoebidium parasiticum, Anurofeca richardsi, Astreptonema , Caullerya mesnili, Creolimax fragrantissima, Eccrinidus flexilis, Enterobryus oxidi, Enteropogon sexuale, Ichthyophonus , Palavascia patagonica, Pseudoperkinsus tapetis, Psorospermium haeckeli, Sphaeroforma arctica
    • Aphelidea Gromov 2000
      • Amoeboaphelidium , Aphelidium , Pseudoaphelidium [ Pseudaphelidium ]
    • Corallochytrium Raghu-Kumar 1987 (M)
    • Choanomonada Kent 1880
      • Craspedida Cavalier-Smith 1997, emend. Nitsche et al. 2011
        • Astrosiga , Aulomonas , Choanoeca , Cladospongia , Codonocladium , Codonosigopsis , Codosiga (junior synonym Codonosiga ), Desmarella (junior synonyms Codonodesmus and Kentrosiga ), Dicraspedella , Diploeca , Diplosiga , Diplosigopsis , Kentia , Lagenoeca , Monosiga , Pachysoeca , Proterospongia , Salpingoeca , Salpingorhiza , Sphaeroeca , Stelexomonas , Stylochromonas
      • Acanthoecida Norris 1965, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997, emend. Nitsche et al. 2011
        • Acanthoeca , Acanthocorbis , Amoenoscopa , Apheloecion , Bicosta , Calliacantha , Calotheca , Campanoeca , Campyloacantha , Conion , Cosmoeca , Crinolina , Crucispina , Diaphanoeca , Didymoeca , Helgoeca , Kakoeca , Monocosta , Nannoeca , Parvicorbicula , Platypleura , Pleurasiga , Polyfibula , Polyoeca , Saepicula , Saroeca , Savillea , Spinoeca , Spiraloecion , Stephanacantha , Stephanoeca , Syndetophyllum
    • Metazoa Haeckel 1874
      • Porifera Grant 1836 ( Parazoa Sollas 1884)
        • Silicispongia Schmidt 1862 ( Silicea Bowerbank 1864, emend. Gray 1867)
          • Hexactinellida Schmidt 1870
          • Demospongiae Sollas 1885, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004
            • Democlavia Sperling et al. 2009, emend. Morrow et al. 2012 (R)
        • Homoscleromorpha Levi 1973, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)
        • Calcispongia Johnston 1842 ( Calcarea Bowerbank 1864)
          • Calcinea Hartman 1958, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)
          • Calcaronea Hartman 1958, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)
      • Trichoplax von Schulze 1883 ( Placozoa Grell 1971) (M)
      • Animalia Linnaeus 1758, emend. Adl et al. 2005 ( Eumetazoa Butschli 1910) [including Myxozoa Grasse 1970]
  • Nucletmycea Brown et al. 2009 ( Holomycota Liu et al. 2009) (R)
    • Nuclearia Cienkowski 1865
    • Fonticula Worley et al. 1979 (M)
    • Rozella Cornu 1872 (= Rozellida Lara et al. 2010; Cryptomycota M. D. M. Jones & T. A. Richards 2011)
    • Fungi R. T. Moore 1980

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

Karpov et al. (2014) [ edit ]

Karpov, S. A., Mamkaeva, M. A., Aleoshin, V. V., Nassonova, E., Lilje, O., & Gleason, F. H. (2014). Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia. Frontiers in Microbiology , 5: 112. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112.

Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith, 1987

• Holozoa
  • Metazoa
  • Choanoflagellata
  • Mesomycetozoea
• Holomycota
  • Nucleariida
  • Fungi
  • Opisthosporidia Karpov, Aleoshin et Mikhailov superphylum nov.
    • Cryptomycota (Jones et Richards, 2011), emend. Karpov et Aleoshin
    • Aphelida Karpov, Aleoshin et Mikhailov phylum nov.
      • Aphelidea Gromov, 2000
    • Microsporidia

Ruggiero et al. (2015) [ edit ]

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [6] .

• Superkingdom Prokaryota
  • Kingdom Archaea [= Archaebacteria ]
  • Kingdom Bacteria [= Eubacteria ]
• Superkingdom Eukaryota
  • Kingdom Protozoa
    • Subkingdom Eozoa
      • Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
      • Infrakingdom Excavata
    • Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
      • Phylum Amoebozoa
      • Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia , Animalia , and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta "]
      • Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa , Animalia , and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta "]
      • Phylum Sulcozoa
  • Kingdom Chromista
    • Subkingdom Hacrobia
    • Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR "]
      • Infrakingdom Halvaria
        • Superphylum Alveolata
        • Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles "]
      • Infrakingdom Rhizaria
  • Kingdom Fungi
    • Subkingdom Dikarya [= Neomycota ]
    • Subkingdom Eomycota
  • Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida ]
    • Subkingdom Biliphyta
    • Subkingdom Viridiplantae
  • Kingdom Animalia

Toruella et al. (2015) [ edit ]

Torruella, Guifre, et al. Phylogenomics reveals convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi. Current Biology 25: 1?7, [7] .

Opisthokonta

• Holozoa
  • Metazoa
  • Choanoflagellatea
  • Filasterea
  • " Teretosporea "
    • Ichthyosporea
      • Ichthyophonida
      • Sphaerothecum
    • Corallochytrium
• Holomycota
  • Discicristoidea
    • Fonticula
    • Nuclearia
  • Microsporidia
  • Cryptomycota
    • Rozella
  • Fungi

References [ edit ]

• Cavalier-Smith, T. 2009: Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology , 56: 26?33. DOI : 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00373.x
• Philip, G.K. ; Creevey, C.J. ; McInerney, J.O. 2005: The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa May Not Be Clades: Stronger Support for the Grouping of Plant and Animal than for Animal and Fungi and Stronger Support for the Coelomata than Ecdysozoa. Molecular biology and evolution , 22: 1175?1184. DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msi102
• Steenkamp, E.T. ; Wright, J. ; Baldauf, S.L. 2006: The protistan origins of animals and fungi. Molecular biology and evolution , 23: 93?106. DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msj011

Links [ edit ]

• Prous, Marko. The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa may be clades: An update on Philip et al. (2005). Available from Nature Precedings DOI : 10.1038/npre.2009.3306.1 (2009)
• Wegener Parfrey, Laura 2009. Taxon page for Eukaryota. In: The ATOL eutree hypothesis First Created: 2009?07-04T15:11:59Z. Last Updated: 2009?07-04T15:14:20Z.

Vernacular names [ edit ]