Alternativny metal
(ine nazvy:
alt-metal
[1]
,
hard alternative
[6]
) je ?tyl
rockovej hudby
spajajuci
heavy metal
s prvkami pribuzneho ?tylu,
alternativneho rocku
,
[7]
a s prvkami ?al?ich ?anrov, ktore normalne nemaju ?iadnu spojitos? s metalovou hudbou.
[2]
[7]
Alternativne metalove skupiny charakterizuju hlavne ?a?ke gitarove
riffy
, melodicke vokaly, niekedy hrdelny spev, nekonven?ne zvuky ?al?ich heavymetalovych ?anrov, nekonven?ne ?truktury skladieb a niekedy aj experimentalny pristup k tvrdej hudbe.
[2]
Tento termin sa pou?iva u? od 80. rokov 20. storo?ia,
[8]
ale do va??ieho povedomia sa dostal a? po?as 90. rokov.
[9]
Vzniklo z neho nieko?ko odno?i, ako su
rap metal
[2]
[3]
a
funk metal
, ktore obidva ?alej ovplyvnili ?al?i vyznamny ?tyl,
nu metal
. Nu metal ?alej rozvija zvuk alternativneho metalu, k ?omu vyu?iva vplyvy
hip hopu
,
groove metalu
,
[10]
grungeu
, a niekedy ?erpa aj z
industrialneho metalu
.
?aner ma korene vo
funkrockovej
hudbe prvej polovice 80. rokov, kedy
alternativne
skupiny ako
Fishbone
,
Faith No More
a
Red Hot Chili Peppers
po?ali miesi?
heavy metal
s
funkom
, ?im vytvorili alternativny metalovy ?tyl
funk metal
.
[11]
?al?ie ranne kapely tohto ?anru pochadzaju z
hardcore punkoveho
prostredia.
[12]
Skupiny ako Faith No More,
Jane's Addiction
a
Soundgarden
su pova?ovane za najstar?ie alternativne metalove po?iny. V?etky tri boli zalo?ene pribli?ne v tom istom ?ase a v druhej polovici 80. rokov vytvorili ?ablonu ?anru mixujuc heavy metal s roznymi inymi ?anrami.
[2]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
V 80. rokoch sa alt-metalove kapely uchadzali preva?ne o priaze?
alt-rockoveho
publika, ke??e prakticky v?etky alt-metalove skupiny tej doby mali korene v americkom
nezavislom rocku
.
[2]
Ke? sa na za?iatku 90. rokov zjavil
grunge
?oby popularny ?tyl
rockovej hudby
, alternativny metal bol zrazu va??mi prijate?ny pre stredny prud a zanedlho sa stal najpopularnej?im
metalovym
?tylom v 90. rokoch.
[2]
Viacere skupiny odmietali by? pova?ovane za metalove kapely.
[17]
[18]
Bubenik skupiny Helmet John Stanier povedal, ?e ?do metalu sme spadli nahodou. V?dycky sme nezna?ali, ke? nas ?udia davali s metalom do suvislosti.
[18]
Festival alternativnej hudby
Lollapalooza
zalo?eny spevakom skupiny Jane's Addiction Perrym Farrellom pomohol kapelam spajanymi s tymto hnutim, ako
Tool
,
Rage Against the Machine
,
Primus
,
Nine Inch Nails
, Soundgarden a
Alice in Chains
, prilaka? na seba pozornos?.
[2]
Prog-rockom
ovplyvnena kapela
Tool
sa stala pomocou svojho debutoveho albumu
Undertow
(1993) veducou skupinou alternativneho metaloveho ?anru. Popularita Tool v polovici 90. rokov viedla k tomu, ?e alt-metalove tendencie sa v tomto obdobi za?ali objavova? aj v inych ?anroch, ako napriklad v
industrialnej hudbe
(Nine Inch Nails) a v
rap rocku
(Rage Against the Machine).
[1]
V deva?desiatych rokoch mnohe zavedene metalove skupiny 80. rokov vydavaju albumy, ktore boli pova?ovane za alt-metalove nahravky, napriklad
Anthrax
,
[19]
Metallica
[20]
a
Motley Crue
.
[21]
V druhej polovici 90. rokov prichadza druha, agresivnej?ia vlna alt-metalovych skupin, prezyvana
nu metal
. Oproti prvej vlne alternativnych metalovych skupin, tento ?tyl sa va??mi opiera o
thrash metal
,
[2]
groove metal
[10]
a
hip hop
[2]
, a neskor ziskava va??iu ob?ubu ne? klasicky alternativny metal.
[1]
[2]
[22]
Nasledkom tohto vyvoja sa va??mi ?tandardizoval zvuk alt-metalovych skupin, naopak nu metal bol znamy svojou vystrednos?ou a nezaradite?nos?ou.
[2]
Na prelome tisicro?i za?ival nu metal vedeny skupinami ako
Korn
,
Limp Bizkit
,
Linkin Park
a
Staind
komer?ny uspech. Niektore kapely dokonca dokazali posuva? hudobne hranice a popritom ma? stale komer?nu ?ivotaschopnos?, napr.
Mudvayne
(vyu?ivajuc
progresivne
[23]
prvky) a
Deftones
, ktori vna?ali do svojej tvorby vplyvy
post-hardcoreu
a dream popu.
[24]
[25]
Britsky spisovate? Joel McIver veri, ?e Tool zohrali dole?itu ulohu pri formovani ?anru a vo svojej knihe
Unleashed: The Story of Tool
napisal, ?e ?v rokoch 1996 ? 97 sa vlna alternativneho metalu, ktoru v dobe zrodu grungeu viedli Tool, za?ala transformova? do formy nu-metalu.“ Ale spevak Maynard James Keenan sa vo?i takymto nazorom rychlo ohradil: ?je mi z toho celeho zle. Z toho, ?e Tool spajaju s nu metalovymi skupinami. Tla?... nevidi rozdiel medzi alternativou a metalom.“
[17]
Aj ?al?ie alt-metalove skupiny pova?ovane za in?piraciu pre nu metal, davali ruky pre? od tohto hnutia.
[26]
[27]
Niektore skupiny spajane s nu metalovym hnutim ? napriklad
System of a Down
,
Godsmack
,
Karnivool
,
[28]
[29]
a
Deftones
[30]
[31]
? sa klasifikuju stale ako alternativny metal, ke??e zvukovo su bli??ie k
alternativnemu rocku
.
[32]
[33]
?aner bol opisany ako ?as?
alternativneho rocku
a
heavy metalu
,
[7]
pri?om v tvorbe skupin preva?uje ?isty spev pochadzajuci z alternativneho rocku,
[1]
na rozdiel od metalovych odno?i. Ale mlad?ie skupiny v?le?uju do svojej tvorby aj vokalne ?tyly ako
death growl
?i
screaming
.
[7]
[34]
[35]
[36]
Takisto sa objavuju aj agresivne
gitarove
riffy
.
[37]
Na rozdiel od nu metalu mo?e alternativny metal obsahova?
gitarove sola
.
[38]
Jonathan Gold z
Los Angeles Times
napisal v roku 1990: ?Tak ako rock ma alternativne, ?avicove skupiny ako Replacements a Dinosaur Jr. ? ma aj metal svoju alternativu. Alternativny metal je alternativna muzika, ktora ma ??avu. A alternativny metal mo?e v dne?nej dobe k sebe prilaka? desa?krat viac fanu?ikov ne? alt-rock. Jane’s Addiction hraju intenzivny druh umeleckeho metalu ovplyvneny 70. rokmi a takisto Soundgarden. V skuto?nosti, aj umelecke k?u?kovanie Sabbatov a Zeppelinov ako take mo?no veru ozna?i? nalepkou alternativny metal.“
[39]
Noviny Houston Press opisali ?aner ako ?kompromis pre ?udi, ktorym nebola Nirvana dos? tvrda, ale Metallica bola tvrda a? prili?.“
[40]
Prva vlna alt-metalovych skupin mala korene v roznych prostrediach, menovite v
hardcore punku
(
Bad Brains
, Rollins Band, Life of Agony,
Corrosion of Conformity
), v
noise rocku
(Helmet, The Jesus Lizard, White Zombie), v
seattleskom
grungei
(
Alice in Chains
,
Soundgarden
), v
stoner rocku
(Clutch, Kyuss), v
sludge metale
(Fudge Tunnel,
Melvins
), v
gotickom metale
(
Type O Negative
) a v
industriali
(
Ministry
,
Nine Inch Nails
).
[2]
[22]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
Tieto skupiny nikdy nevytvorili jednoliate hnutie ?i scenu; skor ich spajalo zah??anie tradi?nych metalovych vplyvov a otvorenos? k experimentom.
[2]
Napriklad,
Jane's Addiction
?erpali z
art rocku
[39]
a
progresivneho rocku
, Quicksand miesili
post-hardcore
a
Living Colour
do svojho zvuku zapracovali
funk
,
[2]
[46]
zatia? ?o Primus boli ovplyvneni progresivnym rockom,
[2]
thrash metalom
[47]
a funkom
[48]
a
Faith No More
mixovali progresivny rock,
R&B
, funk a
hip hop
.
[49]
Alternativny metal v podani Fudge Tunnel obsahoval vplyvy zo sludge metalu a noise rocku.
[43]
[50]
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a
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- ↑
POWELL, Mark.
To see or not to see: Serj Tankian
[online]. UK Metro, [cit. 2012-11-01].
Dostupne online.
- ↑
Metal is back
[online]. Sydney Daily Telegraph, [cit. 2012-11-01].
Dostupne online.
- ↑
CATSOULIS, Jeannette.
A Loud Outcry Against Genocide
[online]. The New York Times, [cit. 2012-11-01].
Dostupne online.
Tento ?lanok je ?iasto?ny alebo uplny preklad ?lanku
Alternative metal
na anglickej Wikipedii.
- CHRISTE, Ian.
Heavy metal: ?abl?v hlas: kompletni historie pro znalce
. [s.l.] : BB art, 2005. 408 s.
ISBN
80-7341-477-5
.
- GROW, Korry.
Heavy metal: Od hard rocku po extremni metal
. [s.l.] : slovart, 2012. 272 s.
ISBN
9788073916626
.
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Vyznamne sceny
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