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Alternativny metal ? Wikipedia Presko?i? na obsah

Alternativny metal

z Wikipedie, slobodnej encyklopedie
Alternativny metal
Povod v ?tyloch Alternativny rock , Heavy metal a ?al?ie [1] [2]
Kulturne pozadie Druha polovica 80. rokov ? USA
Typicke nastroje vokaly , gitary , basova gitara , bicie
V?eobecna popularita Nizka v 80. rokoch, Mainstreamova v 90. rokoch, momentalne stredna
Pod?tyly
Nu metal , Funk metal , Rap metal [2] [3]
Regionalne sceny
Los Angeles [4]  ?  New York  ?  Japonsko
Ine temy
Historia alternativneho rocku  ?  Experimentalny metal  ?  Industrialny metal [5]  ?  Grunge  ?  Post-hardcore

Alternativny metal (ine nazvy: alt-metal [1] , hard alternative [6] ) je ?tyl rockovej hudby spajajuci heavy metal s prvkami pribuzneho ?tylu, alternativneho rocku , [7] a s prvkami ?al?ich ?anrov, ktore normalne nemaju ?iadnu spojitos? s metalovou hudbou. [2] [7] Alternativne metalove skupiny charakterizuju hlavne ?a?ke gitarove riffy , melodicke vokaly, niekedy hrdelny spev, nekonven?ne zvuky ?al?ich heavymetalovych ?anrov, nekonven?ne ?truktury skladieb a niekedy aj experimentalny pristup k tvrdej hudbe. [2]

Tento termin sa pou?iva u? od 80. rokov 20. storo?ia, [8] ale do va??ieho povedomia sa dostal a? po?as 90. rokov. [9] Vzniklo z neho nieko?ko odno?i, ako su rap metal [2] [3] a funk metal , ktore obidva ?alej ovplyvnili ?al?i vyznamny ?tyl, nu metal . Nu metal ?alej rozvija zvuk alternativneho metalu, k ?omu vyu?iva vplyvy hip hopu , groove metalu , [10] grungeu , a niekedy ?erpa aj z industrialneho metalu .

Historia [ upravi? | upravi? zdroj ]

Vyznamna alt-metalova skupina Helmet koncertuje roku 2008 v Melbourne .

?aner ma korene vo funkrockovej hudbe prvej polovice 80. rokov, kedy alternativne skupiny ako Fishbone , Faith No More a Red Hot Chili Peppers po?ali miesi? heavy metal s funkom , ?im vytvorili alternativny metalovy ?tyl funk metal . [11] ?al?ie ranne kapely tohto ?anru pochadzaju z hardcore punkoveho prostredia. [12] Skupiny ako Faith No More, Jane's Addiction a Soundgarden su pova?ovane za najstar?ie alternativne metalove po?iny. V?etky tri boli zalo?ene pribli?ne v tom istom ?ase a v druhej polovici 80. rokov vytvorili ?ablonu ?anru mixujuc heavy metal s roznymi inymi ?anrami. [2] [13] [14] [15] [16] V 80. rokoch sa alt-metalove kapely uchadzali preva?ne o priaze? alt-rockoveho publika, ke??e prakticky v?etky alt-metalove skupiny tej doby mali korene v americkom nezavislom rocku . [2]

Festival alternativnej hudby Lollapalooza pomohol spopularizova? alt-metalove hnutie.

Ke? sa na za?iatku 90. rokov zjavil grunge ?oby popularny ?tyl rockovej hudby , alternativny metal bol zrazu va??mi prijate?ny pre stredny prud a zanedlho sa stal najpopularnej?im metalovym ?tylom v 90. rokoch. [2] Viacere skupiny odmietali by? pova?ovane za metalove kapely. [17] [18] Bubenik skupiny Helmet John Stanier povedal, ?e ?do metalu sme spadli nahodou. V?dycky sme nezna?ali, ke? nas ?udia davali s metalom do suvislosti. [18] Festival alternativnej hudby Lollapalooza zalo?eny spevakom skupiny Jane's Addiction Perrym Farrellom pomohol kapelam spajanymi s tymto hnutim, ako Tool , Rage Against the Machine , Primus , Nine Inch Nails , Soundgarden a Alice in Chains , prilaka? na seba pozornos?. [2] Prog-rockom ovplyvnena kapela Tool sa stala pomocou svojho debutoveho albumu Undertow (1993) veducou skupinou alternativneho metaloveho ?anru. Popularita Tool v polovici 90. rokov viedla k tomu, ?e alt-metalove tendencie sa v tomto obdobi za?ali objavova? aj v inych ?anroch, ako napriklad v industrialnej hudbe (Nine Inch Nails) a v rap rocku (Rage Against the Machine). [1] V deva?desiatych rokoch mnohe zavedene metalove skupiny 80. rokov vydavaju albumy, ktore boli pova?ovane za alt-metalove nahravky, napriklad Anthrax , [19] Metallica [20] a Motley Crue . [21]

Korn patria k vyznamnym predstavite?om druhej vlny alternativneho metalu, zvanej nu metal.

V druhej polovici 90. rokov prichadza druha, agresivnej?ia vlna alt-metalovych skupin, prezyvana nu metal . Oproti prvej vlne alternativnych metalovych skupin, tento ?tyl sa va??mi opiera o thrash metal , [2] groove metal [10] a hip hop [2] , a neskor ziskava va??iu ob?ubu ne? klasicky alternativny metal. [1] [2] [22] Nasledkom tohto vyvoja sa va??mi ?tandardizoval zvuk alt-metalovych skupin, naopak nu metal bol znamy svojou vystrednos?ou a nezaradite?nos?ou. [2] Na prelome tisicro?i za?ival nu metal vedeny skupinami ako Korn , Limp Bizkit , Linkin Park a Staind komer?ny uspech. Niektore kapely dokonca dokazali posuva? hudobne hranice a popritom ma? stale komer?nu ?ivotaschopnos?, napr. Mudvayne (vyu?ivajuc progresivne [23] prvky) a Deftones , ktori vna?ali do svojej tvorby vplyvy post-hardcoreu a dream popu. [24] [25]

Britsky spisovate? Joel McIver veri, ?e Tool zohrali dole?itu ulohu pri formovani ?anru a vo svojej knihe Unleashed: The Story of Tool napisal, ?e ?v rokoch 1996 ? 97 sa vlna alternativneho metalu, ktoru v dobe zrodu grungeu viedli Tool, za?ala transformova? do formy nu-metalu.“ Ale spevak Maynard James Keenan sa vo?i takymto nazorom rychlo ohradil: ?je mi z toho celeho zle. Z toho, ?e Tool spajaju s nu metalovymi skupinami. Tla?... nevidi rozdiel medzi alternativou a metalom.“ [17] Aj ?al?ie alt-metalove skupiny pova?ovane za in?piraciu pre nu metal, davali ruky pre? od tohto hnutia. [26] [27]

Niektore skupiny spajane s nu metalovym hnutim ? napriklad System of a Down , Godsmack , Karnivool , [28] [29] a Deftones [30] [31]  ? sa klasifikuju stale ako alternativny metal, ke??e zvukovo su bli??ie k alternativnemu rocku . [32] [33]

Charakteristicke znaky [ upravi? | upravi? zdroj ]

?aner bol opisany ako ?as? alternativneho rocku a heavy metalu , [7] pri?om v tvorbe skupin preva?uje ?isty spev pochadzajuci z alternativneho rocku, [1] na rozdiel od metalovych odno?i. Ale mlad?ie skupiny v?le?uju do svojej tvorby aj vokalne ?tyly ako death growl ?i screaming . [7] [34] [35] [36] Takisto sa objavuju aj agresivne gitarove riffy . [37] Na rozdiel od nu metalu mo?e alternativny metal obsahova? gitarove sola . [38]

Jonathan Gold z Los Angeles Times napisal v roku 1990: ?Tak ako rock ma alternativne, ?avicove skupiny ako Replacements a Dinosaur Jr. ? ma aj metal svoju alternativu. Alternativny metal je alternativna muzika, ktora ma ??avu. A alternativny metal mo?e v dne?nej dobe k sebe prilaka? desa?krat viac fanu?ikov ne? alt-rock. Jane’s Addiction hraju intenzivny druh umeleckeho metalu ovplyvneny 70. rokmi a takisto Soundgarden. V skuto?nosti, aj umelecke k?u?kovanie Sabbatov a Zeppelinov ako take mo?no veru ozna?i? nalepkou alternativny metal.“ [39] Noviny Houston Press opisali ?aner ako ?kompromis pre ?udi, ktorym nebola Nirvana dos? tvrda, ale Metallica bola tvrda a? prili?.“ [40]

Prva vlna alt-metalovych skupin mala korene v roznych prostrediach, menovite v hardcore punku ( Bad Brains , Rollins Band, Life of Agony, Corrosion of Conformity ), v noise rocku (Helmet, The Jesus Lizard, White Zombie), v seattleskom grungei ( Alice in Chains , Soundgarden ), v stoner rocku (Clutch, Kyuss), v sludge metale (Fudge Tunnel, Melvins ), v gotickom metale ( Type O Negative ) a v industriali ( Ministry , Nine Inch Nails ). [2] [22] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] Tieto skupiny nikdy nevytvorili jednoliate hnutie ?i scenu; skor ich spajalo zah??anie tradi?nych metalovych vplyvov a otvorenos? k experimentom. [2] Napriklad, Jane's Addiction ?erpali z art rocku [39] a progresivneho rocku , Quicksand miesili post-hardcore a Living Colour do svojho zvuku zapracovali funk , [2] [46] zatia? ?o Primus boli ovplyvneni progresivnym rockom, [2] thrash metalom [47] a funkom [48] a Faith No More mixovali progresivny rock, R&B , funk a hip hop . [49] Alternativny metal v podani Fudge Tunnel obsahoval vplyvy zo sludge metalu a noise rocku. [43] [50]

Vyznamni interpreti [ upravi? | upravi? zdroj ]

Referencie [ upravi? | upravi? zdroj ]

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Zdroj [ upravi? | upravi? zdroj ]

Tento ?lanok je ?iasto?ny alebo uplny preklad ?lanku Alternative metal na anglickej Wikipedii.

Literatura [ upravi? | upravi? zdroj ]

  • CHRISTE, Ian. Heavy metal: ?abl?v hlas: kompletni historie pro znalce . [s.l.] : BB art, 2005. 408 s. ISBN 80-7341-477-5 .
  • GROW, Korry. Heavy metal: Od hard rocku po extremni metal . [s.l.] : slovart, 2012. 272 s. ISBN 9788073916626 .

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