In
politics
, a
state
is the
government
of a
country
which has control over a
geographic
area
or
territory
. States have three main features:
There are different forms of government a state may have, for example a
republic
or a
monarchy
. Sometimes states form their own countries. In its origin the
United States
had different kinds of states, but they agreed to join together. Most states also have
armed forces
,
civil service
,
law
and
police
.
Government institutions in a country are commonly referred to as "the state".
The definition above is very broad. It is based on ideas by Georg Jellinek (1851-1911). Other people had other ideas:
- Max Weber
(1864-1920) had another definition: According to him, a state is a
community
of people which has "the
monopoly
to legitimately use
physical
force within a well-defined area".
[1]
- Another definition is from
political science
: A state is a system of public institutions which are there to regulate the issues of a
society
.
- Some philiospohers, such as
Aristotle
,
Rousseau
and
Hegel
had a
moralistic
view: In their opinion, a state arises when individuals reach their goals and that of society. According to Hegel, the state is the reason
God
came into the world; it is the power of reason. This reason manifests as His will.
Because of the different definitions, there's no universally accepted definition of state. The one given at the start of the article is now part of
international law
.
The earliest states could not be just
human settlements
. They had to be more than tribes. An example is
New Guinea
, which has many small tribes, but no larger organisations.
Amazonia
in the 18th century was also like this, with many small tribes. They are not states. To be a state, tribes have to be bounded together, for example, by a monarch. They may also be bonded by their language, and by living in the same region.
An example of
monarchy
is early
Egypt
under the
Pharaohs
. Similar
military
-based states included the
Babylonian
Empire and the huge
Roman Empire
and early
China
.
Some early states were based on cities. Some
Ancient Greek
city-states
had
democracy
in a limited form. Other states had inheritance of kingship or even challenges and fighting to decide leadership. Early city states had a feature that modern society cannot match. Every man got to see and know the leading citizens. "Man" because most city-states limited the vote to male heads of families. One reason was that the adult men would do the fighting if the group were attacked.
When the military-based state, the
Roman Empire
, fell, lots of little states were made and each was also military-based and controlled by a
king
. These states did not often work together and war raged. However, once people within the state itself started fighting (what's called a
Civil war
), the kings had to make
peace
and start
parliaments
.
Modern states soon started in the late
15th century
. The main states in
Europe
were:
These states all tried to improve their
politics
and
economy
. They became more and more like the states today. They formed proper
boundaries
for their lands and worked with the powers in the state, such as the
Church
and the
nobility
. They made
armies
,
tax
systems and
embassies
to make them more powerful and
stable
.
Types of state can be separated into two
categories
:
democracy
and
dictatorship
. However, just because a group of states are all democratic does not mean that they follow the same rules.
Iran
,
Pakistan
,
France
,
Germany
and the
United States of America
are all states. Each of them sees itself as a
democracy
. Each of them however has a different idea of what
democracy
really means.
Different states of the same 'category' can also function differently. For example, two democratic states may be quite different if one has a well-trained
police
or
army
while the other does not. Therefore, the word 'state' only tells us what type of government that state follows (democratic or dictatorship) and does not tell us about the country itself.
[2]
There are lots of sub-types of state branching off from democracy and
dictatorship
. The main ones are
Pluralism
,
Marxism
and
Institutionalism
.
Pluralism has been very popular in the United States. It shows the state as a
neutral
place for settling
arguments
between other states. Pluralism allows each group of people to tell the state what to do. This type of state is called a
polyarchy
.
[3]
Also in a pluralist state, politics, the military and the economy are all united and work together. This means that all power in the state is '
diffused
' across the people who live there.
Marxism is an
ideology
advocating for the rights of workers and labourers of society. It was started by
Karl Marx
and
Friedrich Engels
. Marxism rejects the idea that a state is there to protect business interest, and is definitely not a neutral place for settling arguments.
The main job of a Marxist state is to protect the labour and financial situation of the working classes. With such reforms, a Marxist state focuses on collectivising resources and creating a planned economy to ensure the well-being of the workers.
Both Marxist and Pluralist states have to react to the activities of groups of people in the state itself. Institutionalist states do not see themselves as 'instruments' to be
controlled
, they are more just geographical areas. In this area, the people just form groups themselves. An institutionalist state can be made up of both Marxist and Pluralist people, both which have the power to control themselves and not
influence
the other parties of the state.
[4]
Anarchism
is when a group of people have complete
freedom
and do not believe in having a state at all. Anarchists share the same roots as Marxists, coming from workers movements, but they believe (opposite to Marxists) that a society can work without without a state controlling the people.
Anarchists (such as
Bakunin
and
Kropotkin
in the
19th century
), often want a form of Marxism but ignoring some of their rules. They want workers to manage themselves and simply get paid for what they do, rather than getting paid in
wages
.
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