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William James
William James
(1842?1910) was an
American
psychologist
and
philosopher
. He was an original thinker in
physiology
,
psychology
and
philosophy
. His major work was a twelve-hundred page book which gave us such ideas as the "stream of thought".
[1]
[2]
William was the brother of the novelist
Henry James
.
James was a
pragmatist
. He defined
true
beliefs
as those that prove useful to the believer. Truth is verifiable (can be tested) when thoughts and statements correspond with actual things, and also "hang together," or cohere, as pieces of a puzzle might fit together. These 'truths' are confirmed by the observed results putting them into practice.
[3]
[4]
p427
- "The most ancient parts of truth... once were plastic. They were called true for human reasons... Purely objective truth..., is nowhere to be found... The reasons why we call things true is the reason why they are true, for 'to be true' means only to perform this marriage-function." he wrote. The "marriage-function" is "marrying previous parts of experience with newer parts".
[3]
p83
James held a world view in line with
pragmatism
, declaring that the
value
of any truth depended on its use to the person who held it. The world is a
mosaic
of diverse experiences that can only be understood through "radical empiricism". Radical empiricism, not related to the everyday scientific
empiricism
, asserts that the world and experience can never be halted for an entirely
objective
analysis
. The mind of the observer and simple act of observation will affect the outcome of any empirical approach to truth. The mind, its experiences and nature, cannot be separated. James's emphasis on diversity as the default human condition has kept a strong
influence
in American culture, especially among
liberals
. James's description of the mind-world connection, which he described as a "
stream of consciousness
", had a direct and significant effect on
avant-garde
and
modernist
literature
and
art
.
In
What pragmatism means
, James writes that the central point of his own doctrine of truth is, in brief, that "Truths emerge from facts, but they dip forward into facts again and add to them; which facts again create or reveal new truth (the word is indifferent) and so on indefinitely. The 'facts' themselves meanwhile are not true. They simply
are
. Truth is the function of the beliefs that start and terminate among them".
[5]
[6]
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
William James
- ↑
James, William 1890.
The principles of psychology
. 2 vols, reprint: Dover, New York 1950.
- ↑
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ↑
3.0
3.1
James, William 1907.
Pragmatism: a new name for some old ways of thinking
. Lecture 6, 'Pragmatism's conception of truth'. Longman Green, London.
- ↑
Encyclopedia of Philosophy
. Vol.6, "Pragmatic theory of truth". Macmillan 1969.
- ↑
H. O. Mounce (1997).
The two pragmatisms: from Peirce to Rorty
. Psychology Press.
ISBN
978-0-415-15283-9
. Retrieved
28 August
2011
.
- ↑
James, William 1909.
The meaning of truth: a sequel to 'Pragmatism'.
Longmans, Green: New York. p177