University of Cambridge
Latin
:
Universitas Cantabrigiensis
|
Motto
| Hinc lucem et pocula sacra
(
Latin
)
|
---|
Motto in English
| Literal:
From here, light and sacred draughts
Non-literal:
From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge
|
---|
Type
| Public
research university
|
---|
Established
| c.
1209
|
---|
Endowment
| £
6.441 billion (including colleges)
(as of 31 July 2018
[update]
)
[3]
|
---|
Budget
| £1.965 billion (excluding colleges)
[4]
|
---|
Chancellor
| David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville
|
---|
Vice-Chancellor
| Stephen Toope
[5]
|
---|
Academic staff
| 7,913
[6]
|
---|
Students
| 19,955 (2016/17)
[7]
|
---|
Undergraduates
| 12,340 (2016/17)
[7]
|
---|
Postgraduates
| 7,610 (2016/17)
[7]
|
---|
Location
| ,
|
---|
Campus
| University town
288 hectares (710 acres)
[8]
|
---|
Colours
|
Cambridge Blue
[9]
|
---|
Affiliations
| Russell Group
European University Association
G5 universities
Golden triangle
League of European Research Universities
IARU
|
---|
Website
| cam
.ac
.uk
|
---|
The
University of Cambridge
(also called
Cambridge University
) is in
Cambridge
,
England
. It is the second-oldest
university
in all English-speaking countries. It is one of the world's leading places of learning.
The University started as a group of
scholars
in the city of Cambridge. This may have started in 1209 when scholars left
Oxford
after a fight with local people.
[10]
The universities of
Oxford
and Cambridge are often called
Oxbridge
. This is not a different university. It is a way of saying Oxford and Cambridge together. Cambridge University and Oxford University are both crucial to the history of
England
.
Cambridge is usually
ranked in the world's top five universities
.
[11]
[12]
UK rankings and tests on the quality of its research also rate it very highly. Cambridge has more than 18,000 students and many sports clubs and societies.
Many important people studied at the University of Cambridge, including
scientists
, poets,
artists
,
politicians
and members of the
British Royal Family
. 121 former students and staff from Cambridge later won a
Nobel Prize
.
[13]
The official creation of the University was in
1231
when King
Henry III of England
gave people the right to teach students and lower
taxes
. A letter from
Pope Gregory IX
in
1233
also gave the right to everyone who got a
degree
from Cambridge to teach in any place in the
Christian
world.
[14]
In
1290
,
Pope Nicholas IV
called Cambridge a
studium generale
(name for a university in
Medieval
times). From that point, many researchers and teachers from other European universities started to come to Cambridge to work or give lessons.
[15]
Colleges started as places for students and teachers to live. They were called
hostels
at first. The students paid money to build and run these hostels. All colleges were formed after the beginning of the University. Over the years, colleges bought all of these hostels back. However, some old names still resist today, such as Garret Hostel Lane which was named after Garret Hostel.
[16]
Peterhouse
was the first official college to be created in
1284
. Many followed over the centuries and today there are 31. The last one,
Robinson
, was built in the 1970s. Many of these have a
chapel
because the members should have prayed for the
soul
of the founders (the people who created the college).
The role of the University in the Protestant Reformation
[
change
|
change source
]
The University was one of the most important places where the
Protestant Reformation
began. The Protestant Reformation was a movement in Europe where people started disagreeing with certain teachings of the
Catholic Church
In fact, people started talking about
Lutheranism
- a type of Protestantism - very early in Cambridge.
Thomas Cranmer
, who became a central figure in reform, studied at Cambridge.
A century later, some people in Cambridge started to think that the
Church of England
was still too much like the Catholic church. They started the
Puritan
movement. This produced more than 20,000 people who left for
New England
around 1620 in search of a place with better religious beliefs.
Oliver Cromwell
, a very important member of this movement, was a student at
Sidney Sussex College
during this time.
[17]
Cambridge has been strong in
applied mathematics
since
Isaac Newton
was a student here in the 17th century. Every student had to study maths to obtain a degree. The degree was awarded as a
Bachelor of Arts
which mixed both arts and science subjects.
[18]
Several important early physicists studied at Cambridge. They include
James Clerk Maxwell
,
Lord Kelvin
and
Lord Rayleigh
.
[19]
Pure mathematics was slower to catch up, but Cambridge is still famous for it thanks to people like
G.H. Hardy
.
Six maths graduates from Cambridge won
Fields Medals
and one got an
Abel Prize
. These are the world's highest awards for mathematicians. Four other researchers at Cambridge also won Fields Medals.
[20]
People at the University of Cambridge have made many important scientific discoveries. These are some of the best-known ones:
- Understanding the
scientific method
, by
Francis Bacon
- The
laws of motion
and the development of
calculus
, by
Sir Isaac Newton
- The development of the
thermodynamics
, by
Lord Kelvin
- The discovery of the
electron
, by
J. J. Thomson
- The
splitting of the atom
, by
Ernest Rutherford
and of the nucleus, by Sir John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton
- The unification of electromagnetism, by
James Clerk Maxwell
- The discovery of
hydrogen
, by
Henry Cavendish
- The theory of evolution by
natural selection
, by
Charles Darwin
- A way of understanding natural selection with
Mendelian genetics
in a mathematical way, by
Ronald Fisher
- The
Turing machine
, a basic model for
computation
, by
Alan Turing
- The structure of
DNA
, by
Francis Crick
and
James D. Watson
- The development of
quantum mechanics
, by
Paul Dirac
- The development of
string theory
, by Michael Green
For many years only men were allowed to study at Cambridge. In 1869
Girton
, the first college for women was built. Women could take exams from 1882, but only in 1948 did they start to be considered full members of the university.
[21]
For a certain time, they even received
ad eundem
degrees (degrees from a University you have not studied at, but you deserve) from the University of Dublin.
[22]
Over the years, more women-only colleges were built, until in 1972
Churchill
was the first one to become mixed. Many others followed, and in 1988
Magdalene
was the last men-only college to open to women. However, there are still some colleges for women only. Cambridge is the only university that still has this characteristic. All other universities in the UK, including Oxford, now have only mixed colleges.
[23]
[24]
Since it is very old, the University has many legends and traditions. These are often passed on by older students to the younger ones. Tour guides also tell these stories to
tourists
.
The
wooden spoon
tradition was to give this type of spoon to the student who was the worst in the year for mathematics but still passed the exams. This was because the students used to be ranked in order of their results. After 1909 this was changed and so the wooden spoon cannot be given anymore. However, still today in many sports competitions a wooden spoon is given to the last person in the rankings.
[25]
Many legends exist about places in Cambridge. For example, there is a story about the
Mathematical Bridge
in
Queen's College
. Newton built it without using any
bolts
or
screws
. Some people then took it down to see how it was made. When they tried to put it up again they could not do it, so they had to insert many bolts.
Another tradition is that the
King's College
choir sings the
Nine Lessons and Carols
church service. This is recorded by the
BBC
and sent around the world since 1928 by the
radio
. From 1954 it can also be seen on
television
. Many people watch it on
Christmas Eve
in Great Britain.
[26]
[27]
The University of Cambridge is a "collegiate" university. This means it is divided into colleges, and every student and teacher joins one college only. Every one of these colleges has its property and money. They all have many
Fellows
who can teach all the subjects between them. Then there are Departments and Faculties, which are buildings where only one subject is studied. Some Schools bring different Departments and Faculties together. The overall head of the University is called the Vice-Chancellor. They are heads of the Senate and Regent House which make decisions for the whole University.
There are 31 colleges in Cambridge:
|
†Only for Postgraduate students
|
‡Only for students older than 21
|
There are also 3 smaller affiliated colleges: Westcott House, Westminster College and Ridley Hall. These are not part of Cambridge University, but students there can follow the University's lessons. They are only for
theology
, the study of religion. These three colleges together form the
Cambridge Theological Federation
.
[29]
The teaching is done through
lectures
and practical classes (where students do experiments in science subjects) organised by the Department. The colleges also organise supervision. These are small lessons in groups of 1 to 4: the students do some homework and then talk about it with a teacher. This is often considered one of the best things about studying at Cambridge. The teaching is very personal; students can ask questions and understand the subject.
[30]
Schools, faculties and departments
[
change
|
change source
]
There are more than 150 different faculties and departments in Cambridge. These are then grouped into "Schools". These have a supervisory body, a group of people who check that the departments are doing ok. There are six Schools:
[31]
- Arts and Humanities
- Biological Sciences
- Clinical Medicine
- Humanities and Social Sciences
- Physical Sciences
- Technology
The year is divided into three parts. The first one is Michaelmas Term, which is from October to December and takes its name from St Michael's day and
Christmas
. The second one is
Lent
Term which goes from January to March. The last one is
Easter
Term, from April to June.
[32]
Within these times, there is 8 weeks called
Full Term
. Most lessons and exams happen in Full Term. All students need to live in college for this period. There is a University rule which says that students can get their
degree
only if they have stayed for at least 9 terms (3 years) at a distance of fewer than 10 miles from the main Church in Cambridge.
[33]
The head of the University is the Chancellor. As of 2013, he is David Sainsbury. He was elected in 2011 after
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
said he did not want to do it anymore. Prince Philip had been Chancellor for 25 years. The position of Chancellor is mainly ceremonial. That means that the Chancellor does not take part in many decisions. He is just there because an overall head of the University is needed.
[34]
The Vice-Chancellor instead is the one that makes most decisions. For example, he/she approves and signs new rules. The role is given to a person for at least five years. The current Vice-Chancellor is Stephen J. Toope.
[35]
The Senate House is a building in Cambridge. The degree ceremony takes place there. Any Cambridge student who has an
MA degree
is a member of the Senate.
[36]
It is also the place where the important people in the University meet to take decisions. These important people are different Officers and
Fellows
of the colleges. They are also called the
Regent House
. This is not another building, it is just a way of calling these people. They can make and change rules when they meet.
[37]
News and information are printed and given out in the
Cambridge University Reporter
. This is the official newspaper of the university.
[38]
The university had £7.1 billion in
endowments
in 2019. This money was given over lots of time by many people. This is the largest amount of money for any university in
Europe
.
[39]
Every college controls its money on its own. They are all considered
charitable organisations
. The British Government also gives money to research grants: these are for
postgraduate
students and their teachers. There is also some
income
produced by
Cambridge University Press
.
[40]
In 2000, Cambridge received a very large
donation
of US$210 million from the
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
. This was to set up a scholarship so that US and other international students could study in Cambridge more easily.
Bill Gates
was also made a
Knight
by the Queen because of his generosity.
[41]
Between 2005 and 2012, a campaign was made to get £1 billion from old students. This was at the same time as the University's 800th anniversary. The campaign got to the target early in 2010.
[42]
The University is spread around the town of Cambridge. The older colleges are on the river Cam. The departments and faculties are spread in different places, usually grouped in sites. There are nine main sites:
[43]
- Addenbrooke's
- Downing Site
- Madingley/Girton
- New Museums Site
- Old Addenbroke's
|
- Old Schools
- Silver Street/Mill Lane
- Sidgwick Site
- West Cambridge
|
Addenbrooke's Hospital
is where the
medicine
students go to learn how to cure patients. The
Judge Business School
is another important building: this is where courses about
business
and
finance
are taught. Since the different sites are quite close to each other, many students like to use
bicycles
to move around. A fifth of the journeys in the town is made by bike. Students are also not allowed to drive a
car
while they are in Cambridge.
[44]
Local people from Cambridge don't always like the students. "Town and Gown" is a phrase to talk about this relationship. "Town" means the Cambridge locals while "
Gown
" means the students and teachers, from the type of dress they wear. Since the University began, there have been some fights between the two groups. In
1381
, many things were stolen from the university and colleges. The Chancellor was then given extra power to control the order in the town. When the
plague
arrived in Cambridge in
1630
, many colleges closed up. They did not want to help the locals who had the disease.
[45]
However, more recently there have been fewer fights. The University also means more jobs and money for the population. There are many small
industries
that were created in Cambridge because the University was near. This effect is called
The Cambridge Phenomenon
. Between 1960-2010 there have been 1,500 new companies and 40,000 new jobs in Cambridge just thanks to the University.
[46]
The University has 114 libraries. The main one is called
Cambridge University Library
. It is a
legal deposit
, which means every book that is printed in the
United Kingdom
goes into this library.
[47]
Many departments have their own library as well. They usually have special books for their subjects only. All colleges have a library. This is mainly for the
undergraduates
so that they can read basic books about their subjects. Some colleges also have very precious books and
manuscripts
. For example, the Parker Library (
Corpus Christi College
) has special books from
Medieval
times.
[48]
The university also has 8
museums
and a
botanical garden
:
[49]
- Fitzwilliam Museum
for
art
- Kettle's Yard
for
contemporary art
- Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge
for
archaeological
objects
- Cambridge University Museum of Zoology
for the study of
animals
- Museum of Classical Archaeology
- Whipple Museum of the History of Science
- Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences
for
geology
- Scott Polar Research Institute
that has a museum for the
Arctic
and
Antarctic
- Cambridge University Botanic Garden
that was created in 1831
One of the main aims of the University of Cambridge is to do
scientific research
. All the departments are always studying and discovering new things.
[50]
Many important people have done research in Cambridge. This is because the university has a lot of money and resources like laboratories and books.
[51]
It had £283.7 M in 2011 to spend on research; this was mainly given by the
UK Government
and the
European Commission
.
[52]
Students need to pass some tests and
Interviews
to be allowed in Cambridge. For
undergraduates
, the application is done through UCAS. This is as with any other university in the UK. Students need to be very good to enter Cambridge. If they study
A-levels
, they are asked to get at least A*AA.
[53]
Because many good students apply, the interview is very important to choose the best ones. These are done by
Fellows
.
[54]
Usually about 25% of the applicants get a place. However, the number changes depending on the subjects. Some of them, like
medicine
and
economics
, are very hard to get into.
[55]
Students need to choose a college before doing the application. They may later have to change it if the college thinks they are good but does not have enough places for them.
For
postgraduates
the application is different. They need to ask professors (teachers) in the departments they want to work in. After an interview, they can be given a place. They then have to get some funding (money to do the project). This can be given from a government or another institution.
[56]
Some people think that admission to Cambridge is not very fair. This is because it is easier to get in if you go to a private
school
instead of a state school. In 2007-2008, only 57% of students who got a place were coming from a state school. However, about 93% of British children go to them.
[57]
If a student goes to a private school, he/she is also more likely to get a place after the interview. In 2011, only 25% of students that applied from state schools got a place, while the percentage was 33% for private school students.
[55]
The University is trying to make things better by making the admission process easier and giving
scholarships
for the poorer students. Another problem is that year after year there are also fewer people from state schools applying.
[58]
Cambridge does very well when the quality of research is tested. In 2001, it was ranked first in the British Government Assessment Exercise.
[59]
Cambridge also gives out more
PhDs
in a year than any other UK university.
[60]
The following table has Cambridge results over the years in various
College and university rankings
.
The colleges also have a ranking between them. This is called the
Tompkins Table
. It is published every year by
The Independent
newspaper.
Trinity College
and
Emmanuel College
usually do very well in it.
[86]
The University also runs many public examinations. This can be for people who want to take language tests in
English
for example. Some of the
A-level
and
GCSEs
exams are also written and organized here.
[87]
The University of Cambridge is a member of
It is also considered part of the
"Golden Triangle"
, a geographical concentration of UK university research.
The
Cambridge University Students' Union
(CUSU) represents all the students within the University. All new students become members when they arrive in Cambridge.
[88]
It was started in 1964 as the
Students' Representative Council
(SRC). There are six important positions in the Union which are taken by students who take a year off work. These people have meetings with the Vice-Chancellor and other university officers to talk about new rules or how to change them.
[89]
Inside the colleges, there are also groups of students who represent all of the others. These are called JCR (Junior Common Room) for undergraduates and MCR (Middle Common Room) for postgraduates. They organize things like
Fresher's Week
, the first week in
October
when new first-year students arrive. They also make sure every student is happy about his life in Cambridge.
[90]
Sport has always been very important in Cambridge. Many students try
rowing
because the Cam river is a good one to play this sport. There are many boat races between the different colleges. These are called
bumps
: because the river is too small, boats start one behind the other. To win, a boat needs to hit (or "bump") the one ahead.
[91]
Every year in
London
there is also the famous
Boat Race
between Oxford and Cambridge. Many other sports are played between colleges and universities.
Places to do sports, like
gyms
and fields, are run by single colleges. A new University-wide sports complex is being built.
[92]
Cambridge is also full of societies: these are small groups of people that meet together to do something that they like. These can be speaking a language, playing
chess
,
acting
in theatres, or playing a
musical instrument
. In 2010, there were 751 societies.
[93]
There can also be smaller clubs in the colleges.
There are three students
newspapers
, that tell things that happen around the university.
Varsity
, created in 1947, is the oldest one.
[94]
The Cambridge Student
and
The Tab
are newer ones;
The Tab
has funny articles and is less serious.
[95]
There is also a
radio station
called
Cam FM
. This is run with help from
Anglia Ruskin University
, which is another university in Cambridge.
[96]
Formal Halls
are special
dinners
where students and Fellows eat together. Everyone wears a
suit
and there is good food. There is a
prayer
in
Latin
at the beginning and the end. These dinners are a tradition and the idea is that people in the college should get to know each other at them.
[97]
After the exams, there is
May Week
when students make parties. A
May Ball
happens in every college: it lasts all night and there is lots of
music
and food.
Many people who later became very famous in their subject studied at Cambridge. 89 people linked with Cambridge have won a
Nobel Prize
. This includes 29 prizes in
physics
, 26 in
medicine
, 21 in
chemistry
and 9 in
economics
.
[13]
People from Cambridge have also done great things in the arts and sports.
Cambridge has a very strong tradition in this field. Students include
Isaac Newton
, who made lots of
experiments
at Trinity College.
Francis Bacon
developed the
Scientific method
which is the starting point of today's science.
G. H. Hardy
and
Srinivasa Ramanujan
did a lot in
pure mathematics
.
James Clerk Maxwell
found out more about
electromagnetism
. In
biology
,
Charles Darwin
made his theory about
natural selection
while
Francis Crick
and
James D. Watson
discovered the structure of
DNA
. Also,
David Attenborough
, who is now a television presenter, was a science student at Cambridge.
In
nuclear physics
, the discoveries of
Ernest Rutherford
,
Niels Bohr
,
J. J. Thomson
and
James Chadwick
made people really understand what is inside an
atom
:
electrons
,
protons
and
neutrons
.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
studied here and later went on to develop the
atomic bomb
. In
astronomy
,
Paul Dirac
,
Stephen Hawking
,
John Herschel
and
Georges Lemaitre
found out many things about the
universe
, from the
Big Bang
to
black holes
.
Desiderius Erasmus
was really important for starting studies about
Greek
and
Latin
at the University. In
economics
,
John Maynard Keynes
,
Thomas Robert Malthus
and
Milton Friedman
all started their theories in Cambridge. Known
philosophers
are
Bertrand Russell
,
Ludwig Wittgenstein
,
George Santayana
,
Karl Popper
and
Muhammad Iqbal
. Many
Archbishops of Canterbury
also studied at Cambridge, like
Rowan Williams
.
William Wilberforce
helped to stop the
slave trade
.
Thomas Cranmer
was an Archbishop who was then killed because of his ideas.
In
music
,
Ralph Vaughan Williams
,
Charles Villiers Stanford
,
William Sterndale Bennett
,
Orlando Gibbons
and more recently
John Rutter
all started their education at Cambridge. Some members of the band
Radiohead
were also here. In the
arts
,
Quentin Blake
was an undergraduate here.
Students in this field include
Christopher Marlowe
, writer of many tragedies;
Samuel Pepys
, after who the library in Magdalene College is called;
William Makepeace Thackeray
, famous for his
satire
;
E. M. Forster
, a more contemporary author and
C. S. Lewis
, fantasy writer.
Virginia Woolf
did not study here but based her books around the colleges.
Poets
include
Edmund Spenser
,
John Donne
,
John Milton
,
John Dryden
,
Lord Byron
and
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
who started the Romantic movement.
Known
actors
and
directors
are
Ian McKellen
,
Derek Jacobi
,
Michael Redgrave
,
James Mason
,
Emma Thompson
,
Stephen Fry
,
Hugh Laurie
,
John Cleese
,
Eric Idle
,
Graham Chapman
,
Tilda Swinton
,
Thandie Newton
,
Rachel Weisz
,
Sacha Baron Cohen
,
Tom Hiddleston
all studied at the university.
More than 50 people who won medals at the
Olympic Games
had studied in Cambridge,
[98]
as
George Mallory
did, who might have been the first to reach the top of
mount Everest
.
Finally, Cambridge is also strong in politics because it educated:
[99]
Cambridge in books and popular culture
[
change
|
change source
]
Due to its long history, the University has been named in many books and works by different authors.
- ↑
"Accounts of the Colleges 2017-18"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
11 June
2019
.
- ↑
"REPORTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT 2018"
(PDF)
. University of Cambridge
. Retrieved
11 June
2019
.
- ↑
Colleges £3,188.2M,
[1]
University (consolidated) £3,253.0M
[2]
- ↑
"STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 JULY 2018"
.
www.admin.cam.ac.uk
.
- ↑
"New Vice-Chancellor for Cambridge"
.
University of Cambridge
. 2 October 2017
. Retrieved
25 October
2017
.
- ↑
6.0
6.1
"Facts and Figures January 2018"
(PDF)
. University of Cambridge. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2 April 2018
. Retrieved
1 April
2018
.
- ↑
7.0
7.1
7.2
"2016/17 Students by HE provider, level, mode and domicile"
(CSV)
.
Higher Education Statistics Agency
. Retrieved
25 March
2018
.
- ↑
"Estate Data"
.
Estate Management
. University of Cambridge. 28 November 2016
. Retrieved
1 April
2018
.
- ↑
"Identity Guidelines ? Colour"
(PDF)
. University of Cambridge Office of External Affairs and Communications. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 10 September 2008
. Retrieved
28 March
2008
.
- ↑
"A Brief History: Early records"
. University of Cambridge. Archived from
the original
on 11 September 2007
. Retrieved
4 Sep
2007
.
- ↑
11.00
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
"University of Cambridge - Performance in Academic Ranking of World Universities"
. Academic Ranking of World Universities. Archived from
the original
on 6 June 2012
. Retrieved
4 January
2013
.
- ↑
12.0
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
"QS World University Rankings - University of Cambridge"
. Quacquarelli Symonds Limited
. Retrieved
4 January
2013
.
- ↑
13.0
13.1
"Nobel Prize Winners"
. University of Cambridge
. Retrieved
11 January
2013
.
- ↑
Hilde De-Ridder Symoens (2003). Cambridge University Press (ed.).
A History of the University in Europe: Universities in the Middle Ages
. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
ISBN
978-0-5215-4113-8
.
- ↑
Hackett, M.B. (1970).
The original statutes of Cambridge University: The text and its history
. Cambridge University Press. p. 178
. Retrieved
2 September
2012
.
- ↑
Charles Henry Cooper (1860).
Memorials of Cambridge
. Vol. 1. W. Metcalfe. p. 32
. Retrieved
9 September
2012
.
- ↑
Thompson, Roger (1994).
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