A
string quartet
is a piece of music for four
string instruments
.
A
string quartet
can also mean the four people who play a piece for four string instruments. The four instruments in a string quartet are almost always 2
violins
, 1
viola
and 1
cello
. The reason that a
double bass
is not used is that it would sound too loud and heavy. The balance between 2 violins, viola and cello is considered ideal. String quartets are the most popular form of
chamber music
. Many
composers
have written string quartets.
String quartet writing started in the 18th century.
Italian
composers like
Sammartini
(1698-1775) wrote music for two violins, viola and
continuo
. The continuo was either just a
harpsichord
or harpsichord with cello. Gradually composers started to leave the harpsichord out. The cello often played the same as the viola but one
octave
lower.
Composers of the
Classical music period
started writing cello parts which had an identity of their own.
Joseph Haydn
(1732-1809) wrote 68 string quartets, and made it a very popular form. His quartets from
opus
33 were, he said, “written in a new and special way”. All four parts were very clear and individual. There were always four movements: a fast movement, a slow one, a
Minuet
and
Trio
and a fast final movement. Haydn often played in a quartet with
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
(1756-1791) and two other players. Mozart also wrote 23 string quartets and dedicated some of them to Haydn. Three of Mozart’s later ones were written for the
King of Prussia
who played the cello well, so Mozart gave the cello lots of difficult music to play.
By the time
Ludwig van Beethoven
(1770-1827) was growing up, string quartets treated each of the four instruments as important. Beethoven wrote 16 string quartets. The middle ones became particularly famous and later composers took ideas from them, for example the slow introductions, and the idea of having a fast
scherzo
instead of a minuet and trio for one of the middle movements. Beethoven’s last quartets are very beautiful, but also very complicated and sometimes quite aggressive. Beethoven was becoming very frustrated because he was deaf and could not hear his own music, but he could imagine it all in his head.
Franz Schubert
(1797-1827) admired them and wrote several string quartets himself.
In the
Romantic period
many composers wrote string quartets:
Felix Mendelssohn
(1809-1847),
Robert Schumann
(1810-1856),
Johannes Brahms
(1833-1897),
Pyotr Tchaikovsky
(1840-1893),
Antonin Dvo?ak
(1841-1904) and many others. Some of them, like Dvo?ak, included folk song from their own country in their quartets.
In the 20th century, composers continued to write string quartets.
Claude Debussy
(1862-1918) and
Maurice Ravel
(1875-1934) each wrote one.
Arnold Schoenberg
even added a voice to his first String Quartet.
Bela Bartok
(
1881
-
1945
) wrote six string quartets which are very hard to play. They have very exciting rhythms which often come from his native
Hungarian
folk music
, as well as complex
harmonies
.
Dmitri Shostakovich
(1906-1975) wrote fifteen and
Benjamin Britten
(1913-1976) wrote three.
Playing in a string quartet is highly enjoyable. There are many great works by famous composers, as well as some music which has been written for young players who are learning.
There are professional players who form string quartets and who play together for many years. In the early part of the 20th century the
Rose Quartet
was thought by many to be the best in Europe. Later the
Amadeus Quartet
became very famous.