Road bicycle racing
is a
sport
where people race on
bicycle
along paved
roads
. Usually riders start the race at the same time. The winner is the first to the finish line at the end of the route.
Road bicycle racing is popular in
Belgium
,
Colombia
,
Denmark
,
France
,
Germany
,
Italy
,
Luxembourg
, the
Netherlands
,
Portugal
,
Spain
and
Switzerland
. More recently, countries such as
Kazakhstan
,
Australia
,
Venezuela
,
Russia
,
Slovakia
,
South Africa
,
New Zealand
,
Norway
, the
United Kingdom
,
Ireland
,
Poland
and the
United States
have also become very good at racing.
Road bicycle racing began as a sport in 1868.
[1]
The first world championship was in 1893. Cycling has been part of the
Olympic Games
since 1896.
At the beginning the sport was popular in France, Spain, Belgium, and Italy. Some of the first races were
Liege?Bastogne?Liege
(started in 1892),
Paris-Roubaix
(1896), the
Tour de France
(1903), the
Milan ? San Remo
and
Giro di Lombardia
(1905), the
Giro d'Italia
(1909) and the
Tour of Flanders
(1913). Nowadays there are many other races, but these historic races remain the most famous and many cyclists want to win them.
Single day races are held on one day. The race can be any distance from a few kilometres to over 200km. The race route may go from one place to another, or be a number of laps of a circuit. Some routes take the riders from a starting place and then finish with several laps of a circuit. This helps create excitement for the crowd at the finish.
An individual time trial is an event in which cyclists race alone against the clock. A team time trial is where teams of cyclists race against the clock. In both types of time trial, each cyclist or team starts the race at different times so that each start is fair and equal. The winner is the cyclist or team who finishes the race in the fastest time. Race distances vary from a few km to 60 and rarely more than 100 km.
Stage races are made up of races held for several days in a row. These races are called stages. The competitor with the lowest total time to finish all the stages is the overall winner. He or she is called the
general classification
(GC) winner. Stage races often have other awards, such as prizes for each stage winners, the
points classification
winner, and the "
King of the Mountains
" winner. Some stage races include time trials or team time trials. The stage winner is the first person to cross the finish line that day or the time trial rider (or team) with the lowest time on the course.
These races are very long single stage events. They usually last several days. The winner is the first one to cross the finish line. The riders take breaks on their own schedules. One of the best-known ultramarathons is the
Race Across America
(RAAM). It is a coast-to-coast non-stop, single-stage race. Riders cover approximately 3,000 miles in about a week.
The winner of the race is the first rider to cross the finish line. However many riders are grouped together in teams. Teams usually have commercial
sponsors
and are named after the main sponsor. For example some famous teams have been called T-Mobile, Rabobank, ONCE, and Lampre.
[2]
There can be up to twelve team members in professional races. Team riders decide which team member has the best chance of winning the race. The choice will depend on how hilly the route is, the chance that everyone will finish together in a sprint, and other things. The rest of the team will work to help him or her win the race.
In professional races,
radios
are used so that the team can talk to each other and the team director. The team director often travels in a team car behind the race to monitor the whole race. The influence of radios on race tactics is controversial, and some people think radios have led to less exciting racing.
[3]
In September 2009, the
Union Cycliste Internationale
(UCI), the governing body of pro cycling, voted to ban team radios in men's top level road racing.
[4]
Different cyclists have different strengths and weaknesses. Therefore a rider may prefer different events over particular courses, and perform different roles within a team.
The main types of rider in road bicycle racing are:
A number of tactics are used to win a race. Tactics can be different in single stage races and stage races.
Tactics are based on drafting. This is where a rider can reduce the effort needed to pedal by following the rider in front very closely. Riding with others in the main field, called the
peloton
, can save as much as 40% of the energy needed to ride alone.
[5]
Riders can help each other to ride at high speed, or one rider can
sit
on a competitor's wheel, forcing him to do more work and get tired earlier. Some teams have a leader, and the rest of the team let him or her draft them to save their energy for the important bit of the race. Drafting is not allowed in individual time trials.
A small group of riders sometimes "breaks away" in front of the main group. When they work together a small group can sometimes go faster than the peloton, if the peloton does not organise to chase them. The riders in the breakaway try to win the race, and in the breakaway there are fewer rivals for the win.
If a break does not succeed and the peloton catches up with them, a
sprinter
will usually win the race by sprinting faster than everyone else in the final few hundred metres. The team works together to make sure their sprinter is in a good position to win.
Climbs are very good places for a single rider to try and leave the others behind. If the finish of the race is at the top of the climb, or not far past the top, a single rider can stay in front of the peloton and win the race.
In a stage race each day's stage is like a race within the bigger race. Each stage has a winner, either the first rider across the line, or in a time trial the rider or team with the quickest time. After each stage the general classification ranking is also worked out. The rider with the lowest total time for all the stages is the leader. The leader wears a special
jersey
for the next day's stage.
In multi-stage races, the GC leader will watch break-aways carefully if there is a rider close to him in the general classification. However often the GC leader will not react to a break-away. This happens if the escaping riders are a long way behind in the GC, and do not have a chance of taking the GC lead. Riders who are far behind often escapes because they want to win the stage or collect points for sprinting or climbing mountains. Riders may also go in a break-away to get television time for their team sponsors because the break-away often gets shown on the television coverage.
The most famous cycling race is the
Tour de France
, a stage race lasting three weeks. It takes place mostly in
France
, usually ending in
Paris
. Similar races are held in
Italy
(the
Giro d'Italia
) and
Spain
(the
Vuelta a Espana
). These three races make up the "
grand tours
".
Professional racing is controlled by the
Union Cycliste Internationale
(UCI). In 2005 it started the
UCI World Tour
. The World Tour includes the Grand Tours and other large stage races such as
Tour Down Under
,
Tour de Suisse
,
Paris?Nice
and the
Criterium de Dauphine Libere
.
Some one day races are also part of the World Tour:
Milan ? San Remo
(
Italy
),
Tour of Flanders
(
Belgium
),
Paris-Roubaix
(
France
),
Liege?Bastogne?Liege
(
Belgium
) and
Amstel Gold Race
(
Netherlands
) in the spring, and
Clasica de San Sebastian
(
Spain
),
HEW Cyclassics
(
Germany
),
Zuri-Metzgete
(
Switzerland
),
Paris?Tours
(
France
) and
Giro di Lombardia
(
Italy
) in the autumn season.
Cycling has been at the Olympics since 1896. There are usually road race and individual time trial events for both men and women.
The other important one-day race is the World Championships. The World Championships is held on a different course each year and ridden by
national
rather than sponsored teams. The winner wears a white jersey with coloured bands (often called "rainbow bands") around the chest.
In Europe and in the United States, cycle racing on the road is a summer sport. The season can start in early spring and end in autumn.