Year
|
Laureate
[A
]
|
Country
[B
]
|
Rationale
[C
]
|
1901
|
|
Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen
|
Germany
|
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable
rays
subsequently named after him"
[1]
|
1902
|
|
Hendrik Lorentz
|
Netherlands
|
"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of
magnetism
upon
radiation
phenomena"
[2]
|
|
Pieter Zeeman
|
Netherlands
|
1903
|
|
Antoine Henri Becquerel
|
France
|
"for his discovery of spontaneous
radioactivity
"
[3]
|
|
Pierre Curie
|
France
|
"for their joint researches on the
radiation
phenomena discovered by Professor
Henri Becquerel
"
[3]
|
|
Maria Skłodowska-Curie
|
Poland
France
|
1904
|
|
Lord Rayleigh
|
United Kingdom
|
"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of
argon
in connection with these studies"
[4]
|
1905
|
|
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
|
Austria-Hungary
Germany
|
"for his work on
cathode rays
"
[5]
|
1906
|
|
Joseph John Thomson
|
United Kingdom
|
"for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the
conduction of electricity
by gases"
[6]
|
1907
|
|
Albert Abraham Michelson
|
United States
|
"for his optical precision instruments and the
spectroscopic
and
metrological
investigations carried out with their aid"
[7]
|
1908
|
|
Gabriel Lippmann
|
France
|
"for
his method of reproducing colours photographically
based on the phenomenon of
interference
"
[8]
|
1909
|
|
Guglielmo Marconi
|
Italy
|
"for their contributions to the
development of wireless telegraphy
"
[9]
|
|
Karl Ferdinand Braun
|
Germany
|
1910
|
|
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
|
Netherlands
|
"for his work on the
equation of state
for gases and liquids"
[10]
|
1911
|
|
Wilhelm Wien
|
Germany
|
"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"
[11]
|
1912
|
|
Nils Gustaf Dalen
|
Sweden
|
"for his invention of
automatic valves
designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in
lighthouses
and buoys"
[12]
|
1913
|
|
Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes
|
Netherlands
|
"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of
liquid helium
"
[13]
|
1914
|
|
Max von Laue
|
Germany
|
"For his discovery of the
diffraction of X-rays
by crystals",
[14]
an important step in the development of
X-ray spectroscopy
.
|
1915
|
|
William Henry Bragg
|
United Kingdom
|
"For their services in the analysis of
crystal structure
by means of X-rays",
[15]
an important step in the development of
X-ray crystallography
|
|
William Lawrence Bragg
|
Australia
United Kingdom
|
1916
|
Not awarded
|
1917
|
|
Charles Glover Barkla
|
United Kingdom
|
"For his discovery of the
characteristic Rontgen radiation
of the elements",
[16]
another important step in the development of
X-ray spectroscopy
|
1918
|
|
Max Planck
|
Germany
|
"for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy
quanta
"
[17]
|
1919
|
|
Johannes Stark
|
Germany
|
"for his discovery of the
Doppler effect
in
canal rays
and the splitting of
spectral lines
in
electric fields
"
[18]
|
1920
|
|
Charles Edouard Guillaume
|
Switzerland
|
"for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"
[19]
|
1921
|
|
Albert Einstein
|
Germany
Switzerland
|
"for his services to
theoretical physics
, and especially for his discovery of the law of the
photoelectric effect
"
[20]
|
1922
|
|
Niels Bohr
|
Denmark
|
"for his services in the investigation of the structure of
atoms
and of the radiation emanating from them"
[21]
|
1923
|
|
Robert Andrews Millikan
|
United States
|
"for his work on the
elementary charge
of electricity and on the
photoelectric effect
"
[22]
|
1924
|
|
Manne Siegbahn
|
Sweden
|
"for his discoveries and research in the field of
X-ray spectroscopy
"
[23]
|
1925
|
|
James Franck
|
Germany
|
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an
electron
upon an atom"
[24]
|
|
Gustav Hertz
|
Germany
|
1926
|
|
Jean Baptiste Perrin
|
France
|
"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of
sedimentation equilibrium
"
[25]
|
1927
|
|
Arthur Holly Compton
|
United States
|
"for his discovery of the
effect named after him
"
[26]
|
|
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
|
United Kingdom
|
"for his
method
of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
[26]
|
1928
|
|
Owen Willans Richardson
|
United Kingdom
|
"for his work on the
thermionic phenomenon
and especially for the discovery of
the law named after him
"
[27]
|
1929
|
|
Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie
|
France
|
"for his discovery of the wave nature of
electrons
"
[28]
|
1930
|
|
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
|
India
|
"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the
effect named after him
"
[29]
|
1931
|
Not awarded
|
1932
|
|
Werner Heisenberg
|
Germany
|
"for the creation of
quantum mechanics
, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the
allotropic
forms of hydrogen"
[30]
|
1933
|
|
Erwin Schrodinger
|
Austria
|
"for the discovery of new productive forms of
atomic theory
"
[31]
|
|
Paul Dirac
|
United Kingdom
|
1934
|
Not awarded
|
1935
|
|
James Chadwick
|
United Kingdom
|
"for the discovery of the
neutron
"
[32]
|
1936
|
|
Victor Francis Hess
|
Austria
|
"for his discovery of
cosmic radiation
"
[33]
|
|
Carl David Anderson
|
United States
|
"for his discovery of the
positron
"
[33]
|
1937
|
|
Clinton Joseph Davisson
|
United States
|
"for their experimental discovery of the
diffraction of electrons
by crystals"
[34]
|
|
George Paget Thomson
|
United Kingdom
|
1938
|
|
Enrico Fermi
|
Italy
|
"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by
neutron irradiation
, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
[35]
|
1939
|
|
Ernest Lawrence
|
United States
|
"for the invention and development of the
cyclotron
and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
[36]
|
1940
|
Not awarded
World War II
|
1941
|
Not awarded
World War II
|
1942
|
Not awarded
World War II
|
1943
|
|
Otto Stern
|
United States
|
"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the
magnetic moment
of the
proton
"
[37]
|
1944
|
|
Isidor Isaac Rabi
|
United States
|
"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of
atomic nuclei
"
[38]
|
1945
|
|
Wolfgang Pauli
|
Austria
|
"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the
Pauli principle
"
[39]
|
1946
|
|
Percy Williams Bridgman
|
United States
|
"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of
high pressure physics
"
[40]
|
1947
|
|
Edward Victor Appleton
|
United Kingdom
|
"for his investigations of the physics of the
upper atmosphere
especially for the discovery of the so-called
Appleton layer
"
[41]
|
1948
|
|
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
|
United Kingdom
|
"for his development of the Wilson
cloud chamber
method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of
nuclear physics
and
cosmic radiation
"
[42]
|
1949
|
|
Hideki Yukawa
|
Japan
|
"for his prediction of the existence of
mesons
on the basis of theoretical work on
nuclear forces
"
[43]
|
1950
|
|
Cecil Frank Powell
|
United Kingdom
|
"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
[44]
|
1951
|
|
John Douglas Cockcroft
|
United Kingdom
|
"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
[45]
|
|
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton
|
Ireland
|
1952
|
|
Felix Bloch
|
Switzerland
United States
|
"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
[46]
|
|
Edward Mills Purcell
|
United States
|
1953
|
|
Frits Zernike
|
Netherlands
|
"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the
phase contrast microscope
"
[47]
|
1954
|
|
Max Born
|
Germany
United Kingdom
|
"for his fundamental research in
quantum mechanics
, especially for his statistical interpretation of the
wavefunction
"
[48]
|
|
Walther Bothe
|
West Germany
|
"for the
coincidence method
and his discoveries made therewith"
[48]
|
1955
|
|
Willis Eugene Lamb
|
United States
|
"for his discoveries concerning the
fine structure
of the hydrogen spectrum"
[49]
|
|
Polykarp Kusch
|
United States
|
"for his precision determination of the
magnetic moment
of the
electron
"
[49]
|
1956
|
|
John Bardeen
|
United States
|
"for their researches on
semiconductors
and their discovery of the
transistor
effect"
[50]
|
|
Walter Houser Brattain
|
United States
|
|
William Bradford Shockley
|
United States
|
1957
|
|
Tsung-Dao Lee
|
China
United States
|
"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called
parity laws
which has led to important discoveries regarding the
elementary particles
"
[51]
|
|
Chen Ning Yang
|
China
United States
|
1958
|
|
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov
|
Soviet Union
|
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the
Cherenkov effect
"
[52]
|
|
Ilya Frank
|
Soviet Union
|
|
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm
|
Soviet Union
|
1959
|
|
Emilio Gino Segre
|
Italy
|
"for their discovery of the
antiproton
"
[53]
|
|
Owen Chamberlain
|
United States
|
1960
|
|
Donald Arthur Glaser
|
United States
|
"for the invention of the
bubble chamber
"
[54]
|
1961
|
|
Robert Hofstadter
|
United States
|
"for his pioneering studies of
electron scattering
in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the
nucleons
"
[55]
|
|
Rudolf Ludwig Mossbauer
|
West Germany
|
"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of
gamma radiation
and his discovery in this connection of the
effect
which bears his name"
[55]
|
1962
|
|
Lev Davidovich Landau
|
Soviet Union
|
"for his pioneering theories for
condensed matter
, especially
liquid helium
"
[56]
|
1963
|
|
Eugene Paul Wigner
|
Hungary
United States
|
"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental
symmetry principles
"
[57]
|
|
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
|
United States
|
"for their discoveries concerning
nuclear shell structure
"
[57]
|
|
J. Hans D. Jensen
|
West Germany
|
1964
|
|
Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov
|
Soviet Union
|
"for fundamental work in the field of
quantum electronics
, which has led to the construction of
oscillators
and
amplifiers
based on the
maser
–
laser
principle"
[58]
|
|
Alexander Prokhorov
|
Soviet Union
|
|
Charles Hard Townes
|
United States
|
1965
|
|
Richard Phillips Feynman
|
United States
|
"for their fundamental work in
quantum electrodynamics
(QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
[59]
|
|
Julian Schwinger
|
United States
|
|
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
|
Japan
|
1966
|
|
Alfred Kastler
|
France
|
"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
[60]
|
1967
|
|
Hans Albrecht Bethe
|
United States
|
"for his contributions to the theory of
nuclear reactions
, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in
stars
"
[61]
|
1968
|
|
Luis Walter Alvarez
|
United States
|
"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of
resonance
states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen
bubble chamber
and data analysis"
[62]
|
1969
|
|
Murray Gell-Mann
|
United States
|
"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
[63]
|
1970
|
|
Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven
|
Sweden
|
"for fundamental work and discoveries in
magneto-hydrodynamics
with fruitful applications in different parts of
plasma physics
"
[64]
|
|
Louis Neel
|
France
|
"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning
antiferromagnetism
and
ferrimagnetism
which have led to important applications in
solid state physics
"
[64]
|
1971
|
|
Dennis Gabor
|
Hungary ? United Kingdom
|
"for his invention and development of the
holographic method
"
[65]
|
1972
|
|
John Bardeen
|
United States
|
"for their jointly developed theory of
superconductivity
, usually called the
BCS-theory
"
[66]
|
|
Leon Neil Cooper
|
United States
|
|
John Robert Schrieffer
|
United States
|
1973
|
|
Leo Esaki
|
Japan
|
"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in
semiconductors
and
superconductors
, respectively"
[67]
|
|
Ivar Giaever
|
United States
Norway
|
|
Brian David Josephson
|
United Kingdom
|
"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a
supercurrent
through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the
Josephson effect
"
[67]
|
1974
|
|
Martin Ryle
|
United Kingdom
|
"for their pioneering research in
radio astrophysics
: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the
aperture synthesis
technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of
pulsars
"
[68]
|
|
Antony Hewish
|
United Kingdom
|
1975
|
|
Aage Bohr
|
Denmark
|
"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in
atomic nuclei
and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
[69]
|
|
Ben Roy Mottelson
|
Denmark
|
|
Leo James Rainwater
|
United States
|
1976
|
|
Burton Richter
|
United States
|
"for their pioneering work in the discovery of
a heavy elementary particle
of a new kind"
[70]
|
|
Samuel Chao Chung Ting
|
United States
|
1977
|
|
Philip Warren Anderson
|
United States
|
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
[71]
|
|
Nevill Francis Mott
|
United Kingdom
|
|
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
|
United States
|
1978
|
|
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa
|
Soviet Union
|
"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of
low-temperature physics
"
[72]
|
|
Arno Allan Penzias
|
United States
|
"for their discovery of
cosmic microwave background radiation
"
[72]
|
|
Robert Woodrow Wilson
|
United States
|
1979
|
|
Sheldon Lee Glashow
|
United States
|
"for their contributions to the theory of the
unified weak and electromagnetic interaction
between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the
weak neutral current
"
[73]
|
|
Abdus Salam
|
Pakistan
|
|
Steven Weinberg
|
United States
|
1980
|
|
James Watson Cronin
|
United States
|
"for the discovery of violations of fundamental
symmetry principles
in the decay of
neutral K-mesons
"
[74]
|
|
Val Logsdon Fitch
|
United States
|
1981
|
|
Nicolaas Bloembergen
|
Netherlands
United States
|
"for their contribution to the development of
laser spectroscopy
"
[75]
|
|
Arthur Leonard Schawlow
|
United States
|
|
Kai Manne Borje Siegbahn
|
Sweden
|
"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution
electron spectroscopy
"
[75]
|
1982
|
|
Kenneth G. Wilson
|
United States
|
"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with
phase transitions
"
[76]
|
1983
|
|
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
|
India
United States
|
"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and
evolution of the stars
"
[77]
|
|
William Alfred Fowler
|
United States
|
"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the
nuclear reactions
of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
[77]
|
1984
|
|
Carlo Rubbia
|
Italy
|
"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field
particles W and Z
, communicators of
weak interaction
"
[78]
|
|
Simon van der Meer
|
Netherlands
|
1985
|
|
Klaus von Klitzing
|
West Germany
|
"for the discovery of the
quantized Hall effect
"
[79]
|
1986
|
|
Ernst Ruska
|
West Germany
|
"for his fundamental work in
electron optics
, and for the design of the first
electron microscope
"
[80]
|
|
Gerd Binnig
|
West Germany
|
"for their design of the
scanning tunneling microscope
"
[80]
|
|
Heinrich Rohrer
|
Switzerland
|
1987
|
|
Johannes Georg Bednorz
|
West Germany
|
"for their important break-through in the discovery of
superconductivity
in
ceramic
materials"
[81]
|
|
Karl Alexander Muller
|
Switzerland
|
1988
|
|
Leon Max Lederman
|
United States
|
"for the
neutrino
beam method and the demonstration of the
doublet
structure of the
leptons
through the discovery of the
muon neutrino
"
[82]
|
|
Melvin Schwartz
|
United States
|
|
Jack Steinberger
|
United States
|
1989
|
|
Norman Foster Ramsey
|
United States
|
"for the invention of the
separated oscillatory fields
method and its use in the
hydrogen maser
and other atomic clocks"
[83]
|
|
Hans Georg Dehmelt
|
United States
|
"for the development of the
ion trap
technique"
[83]
|
|
Wolfgang Paul
|
West Germany
|
1990
|
|
Jerome I. Friedman
|
United States
|
"for their pioneering investigations concerning
deep inelastic scattering
of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the
quark model
in particle physics"
[84]
|
|
Henry Way Kendall
|
United States
|
|
Richard E. Taylor
|
Canada
|
1991
|
|
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
|
France
|
"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to
liquid crystals
and
polymers
"
[85]
|
1992
|
|
Georges Charpak
|
France
Poland
|
"for his invention and development of
particle detectors
, in particular the
multiwire proportional chamber
"
[86]
|
1993
|
|
Russell Alan Hulse
|
United States
|
"for the discovery of a
new type
of
pulsar
, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of
gravitation
"
[87]
|
|
Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.
|
United States
|
1994
|
|
Bertram Brockhouse
|
Canada
|
"for the development of
neutron spectroscopy
" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of
neutron scattering
techniques for studies of
condensed matter
"
[88]
|
|
Clifford Glenwood Shull
|
United States
|
"for the development of the
neutron diffraction
technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of
neutron scattering
techniques for studies of
condensed matter
"
[88]
|
1995
|
|
Martin Lewis Perl
|
United States
|
"for the discovery of the
tau lepton
" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to
lepton
physics"
[89]
|
|
Frederick Reines
|
United States
|
"for the detection of the
neutrino
" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to
lepton
physics"
[89]
|
1996
|
|
David Morris Lee
|
United States
|
"for their discovery of
superfluidity
in
helium-3
"
[90]
|
|
Douglas D. Osheroff
|
United States
|
|
Robert Coleman Richardson
|
United States
|
1997
|
|
Steven Chu
|
United States
|
"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."
[91]
|
|
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
|
France
|
|
William Daniel Phillips
|
United States
|
1998
|
|
Robert B. Laughlin
|
United States
|
"for their discovery of a new form of
quantum fluid
with fractionally charged excitations"
[92]
|
|
Horst Ludwig Stormer
|
Germany
|
|
Daniel Chee Tsui
|
China
United States
|
1999
|
|
Gerard 't Hooft
|
Netherlands
|
"for elucidating the quantum structure of
electroweak interactions
in physics"
[93]
|
|
Martinus J. G. Veltman
|
Netherlands
|
2000
|
|
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov
|
Russia
|
"for developing
semiconductor
heterostructures
used in high-speed- and
optoelectronics
"
[94]
|
|
Herbert Kroemer
|
Germany
|
|
Jack St. Clair Kilby
|
United States
|
"for his part in the invention of the
integrated circuit
"
[94]
|
2001
|
|
Eric Allin Cornell
|
United States
|
"for the achievement of
Bose?Einstein condensation
in dilute gases of
alkali
atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
[95]
|
|
Carl Edwin Wieman
|
United States
|
|
Wolfgang Ketterle
|
Germany
|
2002
|
|
Raymond Davis, Jr.
|
United States
|
"for pioneering contributions to
astrophysics
, in particular for the detection of cosmic
neutrinos
"
[96]
|
|
Masatoshi Koshiba
|
Japan
|
|
Riccardo Giacconi
|
Italy
United States
|
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of
cosmic X-ray sources
"
[96]
|
2003
|
|
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov
|
Russia
United States
|
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of
superconductors
and
superfluids
"
[97]
|
|
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg
|
Russia
|
|
Anthony James Leggett
|
United Kingdom
United States
|
2004
|
|
David J. Gross
|
United States
|
"for the discovery of
asymptotic freedom
in the theory of the
strong interaction
"
[98]
|
|
Hugh David Politzer
|
United States
|
|
Frank Wilczek
|
United States
|
2005
|
|
Roy J. Glauber
|
United States
|
"for his contribution to the quantum theory of
optical coherence
"
[99]
|
|
John L. Hall
|
United States
|
"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision
spectroscopy
, including the
optical frequency comb
technique"
[99]
|
|
Theodor W. Hansch
|
Germany
|
2006
|
|
John C. Mather
|
United States
|
"for their discovery of the
blackbody form
and
anisotropy
of the
cosmic microwave background radiation
"
[100]
|
|
George F. Smoot
|
United States
|
2007
|
|
Albert Fert
|
France
|
"for the discovery of
giant magnetoresistance
"
[101]
|
|
Peter Grunberg
|
Germany
|
2008
|
|
Makoto Kobayashi
|
Japan
|
"for the discovery of the origin of the
broken symmetry
which predicts the existence of at least three families of
quarks
in nature"
[102]
|
|
Toshihide Maskawa
|
Japan
|
|
Yoichiro Nambu
|
Japan
United States
|
"for the discovery of
the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry
in subatomic physics"
[102]
|
2009
|
|
Charles K. Kao
|
Hong Kong
United Kingdom
United States
|
"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in
fibers
for
optical communication
"
[103]
|
|
Willard S. Boyle
|
Canada
United States
|
"for the invention of an imaging
semiconductor
circuit ? the
CCD sensor
"
[103]
|
|
George E. Smith
|
United States
|
2010
|
|
Andre Geim
|
United Kingdom
Netherlands
|
"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material
graphene
"
[104]
|
|
Konstantin Novoselov
|
Russia
United Kingdom
|
2011
|
|
Saul Perlmutter
|
United States
|
"for the discovery of the
accelerating expansion of the Universe
through observations of distant
supernovae
"
[105]
|
|
Brian P. Schmidt
|
Australia
United States
|
|
Adam G. Riess
|
United States
|
2012
|
|
Serge Haroche
|
France
|
"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual
quantum
systems
."
[106]
|
|
David J. Wineland
|
United States
|
2013
|
|
Francois Englert
|
Belgium
|
"for the theoretical discovery of a
mechanism
that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental
particle
, by the
ATLAS
and
CMS
experiments at
CERN
's
Large Hadron Collider
"
[107]
|
|
Peter Higgs
|
United Kingdom
|
2014
|
|
Isamu Akasaki
|
Japan
|
"for the invention of efficient blue
light-emitting diodes
which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"
[108]
|
|
Hiroshi Amano
|
Japan
|
|
Shuji Nakamura
|
Japan
United States
|
2015
|
|
Takaaki Kajita
|
Japan
|
"for the discovery of
neutrino oscillations
, which shows that neutrinos have mass"
[109]
|
|
Arthur B. McDonald
|
Canada
|
2016
|
|
David J. Thouless
|
United Kingdom
United States
|
"for theoretical discoveries of
topological phase transitions
and
topological phases of matter
"
[110]
|
|
F. Duncan M. Haldane
|
United Kingdom
United States
|
|
John M. Kosterlitz
|
United Kingdom
United States
|
2017
|
|
Rainer Weiss
|
United States
|
"for decisive contributions to the
LIGO
detector and the observation of
gravitational waves
."
[111]
|
|
Barry Barish
|
United States
|
|
Kip Thorne
|
United States
|
2018
|
|
Arthur Ashkin
|
United States
|
"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics" with one half to Arthur Ashkin "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems", the other half jointly to Gerard Mourou and Donna Strickland "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses."
[112]
|
|
Gerard Mourou
|
France
|
|
Donna Strickland
|
Canada
|
2019
|
|
James Peebles
|
Canada
United States
|
"for theoretical discoveries in
physical cosmology
"
|
[113]
|
|
Michel Mayor
|
Switzerland
|
"for the discovery of an
exoplanet
orbiting a solar-type star"
|
|
Didier Queloz
|
Switzerland
|
2020
|
|
Roger Penrose
|
UK
|
"for the discovery that
black hole
formation is a robust prediction of the
general theory of relativity
"
|
[114]
|
|
Reinhard Genzel
|
Germany
|
"for the discovery of a
supermassive compact object
at the centre of
our galaxy
"
|
|
Andrea Ghez
|
United States
|
2021
|
|
Syukuro Manabe
|
Japan
United States
[115]
|
"for the physical modelling of Earth’s
climate
, quantifying variability and reliably predicting
global warming
"
|
[116]
|
|
Klaus Hasselmann
|
Germany
|
|
Giorgio Parisi
|
Italy
|
"for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales"
|
2022
|
|
Alain Aspect
|
France
|
"for experiments with
entangled photons
, establishing the violation of
Bell inequalities
and pioneering
quantum information science
"
|
[117]
|
|
John Clauser
|
United States
|
|
Anton Zeilinger
|
Austria
|