Mamluks were members of a military caste that controlled Egypt from 1254 to 1811 . Other mamluks held power in some other Muslim countries. The word means "slave" in the Arabic language and they began as slaves . In 1517 the Ottoman Empire conquered them, but Mamluks continued to be powerful. Muhammad Ali Pasha defeated them and took control of Egypt in 1811.

Other websites [ change | change source ]

• Qur'an Carpet Page; al-Fatihah is an Islamic holy book that was owned by Mamluks from the 1300s

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